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Most new CRT related information originating on the sci.electronics.repair, comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.video, or other USENET newsgroups will be included here rather than in those other documents.
I've seen a few such pictures and I was fortunate enough to find a book on color CRTs that explained quite a few things:
If you are lucky enough to see "The Secret Life of Machines" on The Learning Channel (or was, last time I saw it), there's an episode on the secret life of the TV. It's excellent! The creator and presenter, Tim Hunkin, has a weird sense of humor but he's very well informed and quite gifted in the way he demonstrates difficult-to-explain concepts. In the opening scene, he showed off a TV that he sawed in half, showing the CRT construction very clearly. (He must have let the air into the tube, then used a diamond saw to cut it; that's the only way it could be done without glass everywhere!)
(Of course, he may not *actually* have cut a TV in half - manufacturers no doubt maintain props of this sort!)
There are two areas which have particularly nasty electrical dangers: the non-isolated line power supply and the CRT high voltage.
Major parts of nearly all modern TVs and many computer monitors are directly connected to the AC line - there is no power transformer to provide the essential barrier for safety and to minimize the risk of equipment damage. In the majority of designs, the live parts of the TV or monitor are limited to the AC input and line filter, degauss circuit, bridge rectifier and main filter capacitor(s), low voltage (B+) regulator (if any), horizontal output transistor and primary side of the flyback (LOPT) transformer, and parts of the startup circuit and standby power supply. The flyback generates most of the other voltages used in the unit and provides an isolation barrier so that the signal circuits are not line connected and safer.
Since a bridge rectifier is generally used in the power supply, both directions of the polarized plug result in dangerous conditions and an isolation transformer really should be used - to protect you, your test equipment, and the TV, from serious damage. Some TVs do not have any isolation barrier whatsoever - the entire chassis is live. These are particularly nasty.
The high voltage to the CRT, while 200 times greater than the line input, is not nearly as dangerous for several reasons. First, it is present in a very limited area of the TV or monitor - from the output of the flyback to the CRT anode via the fat red wire and suction cup connector. If you don't need to remove the mainboard or replace the flyback or CRT, then leave it alone and it should not bite. Furthermore, while the shock from the HV can be quite painful due to the capacitance of the CRT envelope, it is not nearly as likely to be lethal since the current available from the line connected power supply is much greater.
This doesn't mean that every one of the 250 capacitors in your TV need to be discharged every time you power off and want to make a measurement. However, the large main filter capacitors and other capacitors in the power supplies should be checked and discharged if any significant voltage is found after powering off (or before any testing - some capacitors (like the high voltage of the CRT in a TV or video monitor) will retain a dangerous or at least painful charge for days or longer!)
The technique I recommend is to use a high wattage resistor of about 100 ohms/V of the working voltage of the capacitor. This will prevent the arc-welding associated with screwdriver discharge but will have a short enough time constant so that the capacitor will drop to a low voltage in at most a few seconds (dependent of course on the RC time constant and its original voltage).
Then check with a voltmeter to be double sure. Better yet, monitor while discharging (not needed for the CRT - discharge is nearly instantaneous even with multi-M ohm resistor).
Obviously, make sure that you are well insulated!
WARNING: Most common resistors - even 5 W jobs - are rated for only
a few hundred volts and are not suitable for the 25kV or more found in
modern TVs and monitors. Alternatives to a long string of regular resistors
are a high voltage probe or a known good focus/screen divider network.
However, note that the discharge time constant with these may be a few
seconds. Also see the section: Additional Information
on Discharging CRTs.
If you are not going to be removing the CRT anode connection, replacing the flyback, or going near the components on the little board on the neck of the CRT, I would just stay away from the fat red wire and what it is connected to including the focus and screen wires. Repeatedly shoving a screwdriver under the anode cap risks scratching the CRT envelope which is something you really do not want to do.
Reasons to use a resistor and not a screwdriver to discharge capacitors:
BTW, don't wash your CRTs even if the Maid complains about the filth until you have confirmed that your 'Dag isn't water soluble (maybe that's why it has 'aqua' in the name!). It may all come off! Wipe off the dirt and dust with a cloth (and stay away from the HV connector or make sure it is discharged first!).
(From: Asimov (mike.ross@juxta.mnet.pubnix.ten).)
'Dag' is short for Aquadag. It is a type of paint made of a graphite pigment which is conductive. It is painted onto the inside and outside of picture tubes to form the 2 plates of a high voltage filter capacitor using the glass in between as dielectric. This capacitor is between .005uF and .01uF in value. This seems like very little capacity but it can store a substantial charge with 25,000 volts applied.
The outside "dag" is always connected to the circuit chassis ground via a series of springs, clips, and wires around the picture tube. The high voltage or "Ultor" terminal must be discharged to chassis ground before working on the circuit especially with older TV's which didn't use a voltage divider to derive the focus potential or newer TV's with a defective open divider.
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
I have checked with our CRT expert and he thinks that any 'normal' type of scratch does not pose any danger. Usual disclaimer applies ... (what is 'normal'?)
The front of the tube is much thicker and stronger than the rear. It has to be, to withstand the air pressure, because the curvature radius is so much larger. You won't break it by throwing a slipper at it. The neck is in fact very easy to break, usually without causing injuries to anyone.
Normally, if the tube should implode, the rimband (the tensioned steel band around the rim of all modern CRTs of any size) prevents the glass from flying outward too far. Every tube type has to pass tests in which it is deliberately imploded and it is checked whether any large shrapnel flies too far out.
What *is* very dangerous is a CRT with its rimband missing, or a CRT which never had a decent rimband in the first place (like some dubious Russian-made samples we once saw). Such a tube should not be handled at all. NEVER ever attempt to remove the rimband for and reason!
I just saw a picture tube that was broken due to dropping the (entire) TV on one corner. In the cone (the backside) there are open cracks of some 3 feet length in total. Nevertheless all the glass is still in its original place and it looks as if no glass has flown outward. The faceplate is still intact. So in this case nobody would have got hurt. I remember reading about Americans (who else?) who tried to shoot CRT's with smaller rifles, with little or no success.
Does this comfort you? Get out the shotgun and have a go at it!
Or, perhaps, the following:
(From: Ren Tescher (ren@rap.ucar.edu).)
Our 6 month old 20" SGI color monitor (model GDM-20D11) lost a fight with a fork lift. The case is intact, the CRT probably still has a vacuum, but the outer layer of glass on the screen is shattered.
"I heard somewhere that in the early days of TV, the tubes had a tendency to implode at the drop of a hat. (Due to poor design?) In order to prevent flying glass, the sets had a plastic sheet in front of the screen. Obviously, modern sets no longer have this. How safe are modern CRT screens in terms of impact damage etc?"Well, it isn't quite as simple as that..... However, even if CRT implosion is one of those highly unlikely events, the downside is that should it occur in just the wrong way, the consequences can be disastrous. So, I wouldn't depend on the experiences below to guide you! Treat a CRT about the same way you would an armed nuclear bomb. OK, well maybe just 10 sticks of dynamite. :-)
(From: Dan Evens (dan.evens@hydro.on.ca).)
In high school, our electronics teacher did a demo for each class. He saved out an old black-and-white tube for each class and set up a place to break it. Put the tube on the ground by a brick wall, with a hammer suspended on a wire from the top of the wall. Did it on the driveway so that the glass would be easier to pick up. The tube was placed image-side down.
First he pulled the hammer back about 20 feet and just let it go. It bounced off the tube. This was to show that such tubes are pretty tough. Then he pulled the hammer back and gave it a pretty good shove, turning his back to the tube and moving quickly away from it. (Let's face it, the guy could probably have found a safer way to do this.)
Palm sized chunks of glass flew 50 feet. The noise was quite impressive. The thickness of the image plate of the tube was also quite impressive. Kind of looked like a porthole on a submarine. This was from the tube of a small black-and-white TV, about 14 inches or so. One of the larger colour models might be a LOT more violent.
If I was handling these things in such a way as to have the possibility of dropping one, I'd insist on body armor and face protection. And if it involves a picture tube, I insist on competent trained professionals for service.
(From: Matthias Meerwein (Matthias.Meerwein@rt.bosch.de).)
They ARE quite safe. I've got several TVs and computer monitors in for repair that had been dropped. None of them had an imploded CRT. The damage encountered ranged from:
(From: Clifton T. Sharp Jr. (agent150@spambusters.ml.org).)
With today's tubes, that's more or less true (although walking through a picture tube plant can be instructive as you hear the exploding tubes). With older tubes it was a hazard. With pre-1960 tubes it was a big one. My old boss in the TV service, who I trusted not to exaggerate about such things, told me stories of setting a picture tube near a second-floor window, having them fall to the sidewalk and literally blow a hole in the sidewalk. I can tell you factually and first-person that although he took few precautions with other things, when he had to "pop" a picture tube in the dumpster he never ever ever did it without safety glasses, a shield and a six-foot piece of heavy pipe. (I stopped working there around 1973.)
This is more of a concern for modern CRTs that usually have 'integral implosion protection' - that steel rimband around the outside near the front. Older CRTs used either (1) a separate safety shield - that laminated glass plate in front of your grandmom's TV - or (2) a second contoured glass panel bonded to the actual tube face. In both of these cases, the second panel is protective and cosmetic but is not part of the structure of the CRT. Therefore, any damage to it does not significantly compromise the tube. In the case of modern CRTs, the steel band in conjunction with the basic tube envelope is used to maintain the integrity of the overall CRT. In addition should implosion occur as a result of catastrophic damage, the rimband will reduce the range and velocity of flying debris.
Also see the section: CRT Implosion Risk?.
BTW, scratches in the CRT have absolutely no effect on X-ray emission. X-rays are blocked long before they come anywhere near the surface and glass has very little effect on their direction. Any scratch deep enough to have any detectable effect on X-ray emission (actually, it would need to be an inch deep gouge) would have caused the tube to implode.
Treat the CRT with respect - the implosion hazard should not be minimized. A large CRT will have over 10 tons of air pressure attempting to crush it. Wear eye protection whenever dealing with the CRT. Handle the CRT by the front - not the neck or thin funnel shaped envelope. Don't just toss it in the garbage - it is a significant hazard. The vacuum can be safely released (Let out? Sucked in? What does one do with an unwanted vacuum?) without spectacular effects by breaking the glass seal in the center of the CRT socket (may be hidden by the indexing plastic of the socket). Cover the entire CRT with a heavy blanket when doing this for additional protection. Once the vacuum is gone, it is just a big glass bottle though there may be some moderately hazardous materials in the phosphor coatings and of course, the glass and shadow mask will have many sharp edges if it is broken.
In addition, there could be a nice surprise awaiting anyone disconnecting the high voltage wire - that CRT capacitance can hold a charge for quite a while. Since it is being scrapped, a screwdriver under the suction cap HV connector should suffice.
The main power supply filter caps should have discharged on their own after any reasonable length of time (measured in terms of minutes, not days or years).
Of course around here, TVs and monitors (well, wishful thinking as I have yet to see a decent monitor on the curb) are just tossed intact which is fortunate for scavengers like me who would not be happy at all with pre-safed equipment of this type!
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
We have a procedure for disposing of used CRT's. The vacuum must be broken to avoid future implosion, like when it will be crushed by the dumpster truck press. That's NOT funny! One method is to punch or drill a small hole in the anode contact, which is made of a soft metal. But take care of the electrical discharge of the aquadag capacitance first!!!
The other method is to break the stem in the centre of the socket pins. This is the stem through which the tube was pumped empty during manufacturing. It breaks off easily (after you have removed the plastic part around the pins).
You want to avoid making too large holes, like for example from chopping off the entire neck in one blow with a hammer.
First, the picture quality in terms of gray scale, color, and brightness is generally inferior to a decent analog monitor. The number of distinct shades of gray or distinct colors is a lot more limited. They are generally not as responsive as CRTs when it comes to real-time video which is becoming increasingly important with multimedia computers. Brightness is generally not as good as a decent CRT display. And last but not least, the cost is still much much higher due both to the increased complexity of flat panel technology and lower production volumes (though this is certainly increasing dramatically). It is really hard to beat the simplicity of the shadow mask CRT. For example, a decent quality active matrix color LCD panel may add $1000 to the cost of a notebook computer compared to $200 for a VGA monitor. More of these panels go into the dumpster than make it to product do to manufacturing imperfections.
A variety of technologies are currently competing for use in the flat panel displays of the future. Among these are advanced LCD, plasma discharge, and field emission displays. Only time will tell which, if any survives to become **the** picture-on-the-wall or notepad display - at reasonable cost.
At least one company is about to introduce a 42 inch diagonal HDTV format flat plasma panel multisystem color TV/monitor which will accept input from almost any video or computer source. Its price at introduction will be more than that of a typical new automobile - about $15,000! :-) Thus, at first, such sets will find their way into business conference rooms and mansions rather than your home theater but prices will drop over time.
Projection - large screen - TVs and monitors, on the other hand, may be able to take advantage of a novel development in integrated micromachining - the Texas Instruments Inc. Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). This is basically an integrated circuit with a tiltable micromirror for each pixel fabricated on top of a static memory - RAM - cell. This technology would permit nearly any size projection display to be produced and would therefore be applicable to high resolution computer monitors as well as HDTV. Since a reflective medium is used in this device, the light source can be as bright as needed. Commercial products based on the DMD are beginning to appear.
"Could someone please help to elucidate the comparative advantages of each technology? I know how they work but do not know which is advantageous and why."(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Trinitron is Sony technology. The shadow mask (called the aperture grille) consists of vertical wires under tension. The mask is always straight in the vertical direction and curved in the horizontal direction, thus the shape is a cylinder. The tube surface is also cylindrical, which causes some strange effects, particularly funny mirror reflections of yourself. Because the wires are under a lot of tension, the internal tube structure must be very strong and thus relatively heavy. Because the glass surface is cylindrical instead of spherical, the glass must be thicker and heavier too, to withstand atmospheric pressure.
Heavier always equates to more expensive!
The electron gun construction is also different: there are still 3 guns (not one as some may thing but the 3 guns share one main lens. (The assembly of focusing grids is called a lens, in analogy to the optical principle.) There are still 3 cathodes and 3 G1s, as usual. The large diameter lens has the advantage of less spherical aberration (and thus a sharper spot) but the disadvantage of large physical length which means a deeper cabinet.
In the deflection coil design another compromise is found between spot quality, purity and convergence. As a result horizontal convergence must be helped by an auxiliary dynamic convergence waveform (on an extra convergence coil?). This adds to cost and can occasionally give an interesting failure of the horizontal convergence.
The best non-Trinitron (or clone) CRTs use a conventional shadow mask made of Invar - originally Matsushita technology; Philips uses it too. The shadow mask is of the standard shape (spherical metal plate with holes in it) but it is made of a special alloy with a 7 times lower coefficient of thermal expansion than regular iron. This allows a brighter picture with less purity errors.
The problem with regular shadow masks is 'doming'. Due to the inherent principle of shadow masks, 2/3 or more of all beam energy is dissipated in the mask. Where static bright objects are displayed, it heats up several hundred degrees. This causes thermal expansion, with local warping of the mask. The holes in the mask move to a different place and the projections of the electron beams will land on the wrong colours: purity errors. The use of invar allows about 3 times more beam current for the same purity errors. See the section: What is Doming?.
Combating purity errors is a necessity due to 2 trends:
To summarize: Trinitron monitors are probably heavier, larger, more expensive, maybe better on purity, and maybe better on focus than other monitors, with or without invar shadow masks. There are excellent monitors other than Trinitron too... I suppose the Coke-Pepsi comparison is true.
All the color CRTs found in TVs and computer and video monitors utilize a shadow mask or aperture grill a fraction of an inch (1/2" typical) behind the phosphor screen to direct the electron beams for the red, green, and blue video signals to the proper phosphor dots. Since the electron beams for the R, G, and B phosphors originate from slightly different positions (individual electron guns for each) and thus arrive at slightly different angles, only the proper phosphors are excited when the purity is properly adjusted and the necessary magnetic field free region is maintained inside the CRT. Note that purity determines that the correct video signal excites the proper color while convergence determines the geometric alignment of the 3 colors. Both are affected by magnetic fields. Bad purity results in mottled or incorrect colors. Bad convergence results in color fringing at edges of characters or graphics.
The shadow mask consists of a thin steel or InVar (a ferrous alloy) with a fine array of holes - one for each trio of phosphor dots - positioned about 1/2 inch behind the surface of the phosphor screen. With some CRTs, the phosphors are arranged in triangular formations called triads with each of the color dots at the apex of the triangle. With many TVs and some monitors, they are arranged as vertical slots with the phosphors for the 3 colors next to one another.
An aperture grille, used exclusively in Sony Trinitrons (and now their clones as well), replaces the shadow mask with an array of finely tensioned vertical wires. Along with other characteristics of the aperture grille approach, this permits a somewhat higher possible brightness to be achieved and is more immune to other problems like line induced moire and purity changes due to local heating causing distortion (doming) of the shadow mask.
However, there are some disadvantages of the aperture grille design:
The following is a greatly simplified description of the general process of color (shadow or slot mask) CRT construction. Trinitrons should be basically similar.
The screen and envelope glass pieces are molded separately and then glued (Epoxied?) together as one of the last steps of assembly prior the baking and evacuation. (You will note this seam if you examine the envelope of a color CRT near the front.)
The shadow mask is manufactured through a photo etching process. No, there are no workers responsible for punching all those holes! Since a position error of even a tiny fraction of a mm would result in purity errors, each shadow mask is unique for its faceplate. They are not interchangeable. To facilitate the following steps, it can easily be mounted and removed (essentially clicked in place) during tube production. Registration pins assure precise alignment.
At least one manufacturer adds some steps for the Superbright tubes.
They put 3 different colour filters between the glass and the phosphor.
In terms of contrast that tube is a definite killer.
Using the shadow mask repeatedly in this manner guarantees close registration. How else would you lay down a million individual dots in exactly the right place - paint by numbers? :-).
Then, an aluminum overcoat is deposited over the phosphor/black matrix. This has several functions:
The tube is evacuated through the thin stem that is located in the middle of the socket. That takes several hours at the vacuum pumps. The stem is then sealed by heating and melting.
The getter - part of the electron gun assembly - is then 'activated' via induction heating from a coil external to the next of the CRT. This vaporizes and deposits a highly active metal on the interior of the glass of the neck. The getter material adsorbs much of any remaining gas molecules left over from the evacuation of the tube. The getter material is normally silvery - if it changes to red or milky white, the tube is probably gassy or up to air.
When the tube is ready it is matched with a deflection coil that provides optimum purity. It takes some ingenuity to get a good match between using a light for exposure which matches the behaviour of the future electron optical system, in order to get good purity.
Amazingly, this basic process has not changed in any fundamental way since the invention of the shadow mask CRT!
However, Computer Aided Design (CAD) has had a major impact on the design of the electron optics. The working of the electron gun and deflection system is now much more predictable thanks to advanced computer simulation. This has reduced the number of active correction circuits for focus, geometry and convergence to almost zero.
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
They still need to match the finished tube with a deflection coil that will give adequate purity performance and then they need to fiddle with magnets (multipole rings around the neck and sometimes other magnets all over the cone) to improve it further. And even then many tubes need active correction for convergence and/or geometry.
Only after all that correction can you call the yield high. (But you should see their scrap yard, good thing that glass recycles well...)
For monochrome monitors and B/W TVs, this will result only in a slight shift in position or rotation of the picture depending on the orientation of the CRT with respect to the earth's magnetic field. For the most part such effects will not be significant enough to be objectionable.
However, for high resolution color monitors and even some color TVs, the result of transporting the unit from the hemisphere from which it was manufactured or set up to a location in the opposite hemisphere may be uncorrectable purity problems or excessive sensitivity to local magnetic fields.
Note that is it quite possible that you will never encounter any of these problems. The extent to which your particular monitor or TV is affected depends on many factors - many of which you have no control over.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
For many monitors - especially the larger sizes, such as 21" - there is a subtle difference in the CRT itself which may mean that a unit with the wrong tube could NOT be adjusted to be within specifications when used in the 'wrong' hemisphere.
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
There are two types of adjustments:
Depending on the sophistication of the circuitry in the (television or monitor) set, the setmaker can adjust geometry and sometimes convergence (if there is a set of convergence coils present). If there is a rotation coil present then this may also improve the landing a bit.
In the 'digital monitors' there are flexible waveform generators to adjust the corrections. There may be further adjustments possible for the uniformity of the colour point and brightness. This gives a place-dependent modulation of the 3 beam currents, it does nothing to improve the landing.
The most expensive monitors (large screen, fine phosphor pitch, very critical on landing) may have active magnetic field compensation in all 3 directions with electronic magnetic field sensors for automatic adjustment. These monitors should be mostly insensitive to the earth magnetic field. (This technology was originally invented for the use of CRT displays on board of jet fighter planes, which tend to turn relative to the earth...)
All other monitors will degrade picture quality when the degaussing is not able to completely compensate for the earth magnetic field. With a tube built for the wrong hemisphere it is possible that the effect of the vertical component of the earth magnetic field will give a residual landing error. This can not be corrected by turning any of the available adjustments, digital or not. Re-alignment might become a very costly job.
CRT Manufacturers actually make different versions of their tubes for TV's for the northern and southern hemisphere, and sometimes a 3rd neutral type. These are so-to-say precorrected for the uncompensated field. (Note that the term 'tube' here includes much of the convergence hardware as well - not just what is inside the glass.)
I remember when we exported projection televisions from Belgium to Australia, a couple of years ago. They all had to be opened on arrival to re-adjust the rotation settings on the convergence panel, due to the different magnetic field in Australia. Projection TV's don't have degaussing (there is nothing to degauss), and the customer can only adjust red and blue shift, not rotation.
Our CRT application group has a "magnetic cage". This is a wooden cube (approx. 2 meter long sides) with copper coils around each of the 6 surfaces. With this they can simulate the earth magnetic field for every place on earth (as indicated on a map on the wall).
During production and adjustment of the tube, the beam landing is optimized for the field condition in which it will be used later. There may be different tube specifications for north, south and equator ("neutral"). If you choose to use it in different conditions then the landing reserve will be diminished and you will suffer sooner from colour purity errors. I'm not so sure if the convergence would be a primary problem, maybe yes.
With a dotted shadow mask, also the horizontal component of the field matters, which is bad because it also depends on which direction you orient the display. This too will eat away from your landing reserve. How critical it all is depends on tube size (bigger is worse) and on dot pitch (smaller is worse). Workstation monitors are most critical.
Using a Helmholtz cage you can test or optimize for a particular place on earth. The most expensive monitors come with their own built-in Helmholtz cage and magnetic sensors to always create a field-free space.
Another interesting bit of trivia:
B&O (Bang & Olufsen of Danmark) use Philips picture tubes in their beautifully designed cabinets. In order to facilitate a more narrow styling they decided to mount the tube upside-down, so they don't need safety clearance for the EHT on top. As a consequence they needed a southern-hemisphere tube for the northern hemisphere! So here is a hint for a solution to you all...
(From the editor).
In light of the above discussion, the following makes perfect sense:
(From: Nigel Morgan (nigel@wycombe.demon.co.uk).
When I was in the TV trade some 20 years ago, I was introduced to a model with a PYE badge on which differed in one significant detail: on all TV sets I'd seen to that date the tube had the blue gun uppermost and the EHT connector at the top of the tube. Thorn TV sets mounted the tube upside-down for some reason so that the EHT connector was at the bottom along with the blue gun, but these PYE sets had the blue gun at the bottom, but the EHT connector was at the top! When I asked about this, I was told that the tubes used in the PYE sets were 'Southern Hemisphere tubes. I never could decide whether this was genuine or BS!
(From: Terry DeWick (dewickt@esper.com).)
The magnetic field for South America is about 0 to -100 mG while the U.S. runs 400 to 500 mG (milli Gauss). For a CRT to set up correctly the gun is offset 1 to 1.5 mm left of center for the 500mG field and 1 mm to the right for 0 mG this way the purity will be centered and the yoke tilt will be centered making setup easy during production. A North American CRT can be set up in South America but there is a chance that it will not set up well with excessive purity correction and or wedging set to the extremes.
You can recognize a Trinitron tube by the fact that the picture is made up of fine vertical stripes of red, green, and blue rather than dots or slots. The shadow mask in all other kinds of common CRTs are made up of either dots (nearly all good non-Trinitron computer monitors) or slots (many television sets). The Trinitron equivalent is called an aperture grill and is made of around a thousand vertical wires under tension a fraction of an inch behind the glass faceplate with its phosphor stripes.
Since the aperture grill wires run the full height of the tube, there are 1 or 2 stabilizing wires to minimize vibration and distortion of the aperture grill. These may be seen by looking closely 1/3 and/or 2/3 of the way down the tube. The larger size tubes will have 2 while those under 17 inch (I think) will only have a single wire. Many have complained about these or asked if they are defects - no they are apparently needed. You can be sure that Sony would have eliminated them if it were possible.
Another noticeable characteristic of Trinitrons is the nearly cylindrical faceplate. The radius in the vertical direction is very large compared to the horizontal. This is both a requirement and a feature. Since the aperture grill wires are under tension, they cannot follow the curve of the glass as a normal shadow mask may. Therefore, the glass must be flat or nearly flat in the vertical direction. As a selling point, this is also an attractive shape.
In the final analysis, the ultimate image quality on a monitor depends as much on other factors as on the CRT. There are many fine monitors that do not use Trinitrons as well as many not-so-great monitors which do use Trinitron tubes.
All Trinitron (or clone) CRTs - tubes that use an aperture grille - require 1, 2, or 3 very fine wires across the screen to stabilize the array of vertical wires in the aperture grille. Without these, the display would be very sensitive to any shock or vibration and result in visible shimmering or rippling. (In fact, even with these stabilizing wires, you can usually see this shimmering if you whack a Trinitron monitor.) The lines you see are the shadows cast by these fine wires.
The number of wires depends on the size of the screen. Below 15" there is usually a single wire; between 15" and 21" there are usually 2 wires; above 21" there may be 3 wires.
Only you can decide if this deficiency is serious enough to avoid the use of a Trinitron based monitor. Some people never get used to the fine lines but many really like the generally high quality of Trinitron based displays and eventually totally ignore them.
Mitsubishi makes the Diamondtron under license from Sony - the subtle differences (according to Mitsubishi) are improvements in the electron gun design for spot uniformity over the CRT face. Also, for the time being, Mitsubishi has tried to introduce Diamondtron tubes in sizes which are not available as Trinitrons - to keep from directly competing, and (ostensibly) to address niches which other sizes can't address.
In order to properly evaluate a monitor, one must consider more than the tube alone - as many readers know, Trinitrons are finding their way into various manufacturer's sets, but they don't all perform the same. In todays market, it's quite possible to find a dot mask design which performs as well as (or better in some cases) the aperture grill design - IMHO every critical monitor purchase should be made by personally examining the monitor to be bought, under the intended application(s).
(BTW, all color tubes use 3 guns, including the Trinitron. Sony used to talk about a "unitized gun", but that only refers to the cathode structure. It's classical use of a misleading term to gain market awareness (looks like it works).)
GE's first set was a 10 or 11 inch " "PortaColor" TV which, to the best of my memory, was introduced in the mid-60s. It was a tube chassis that made use of space saving Compactron multifunction tubes. A solid state version followed some years later I believe. If I remember correctly, the color circuit used a novel method to generate the local 3.58 MHz color signal: it used the recovered color burst to 'ring' a series crystal to produce a continuous carrier. I remember reading about all this in one of the late great "Radio-Electronics" Annual Color TV issues that I looked forward to each year back then as color TVs were dynamically evolving from many US companies.
The GE CRT did indeed use 3 in-line guns aimed at a conventional shadow mask triad phosphor screen. This simplified convergence and the CRT neck components needed. Sony uses one gun with a large common cathode to emit 3 electron beams which focus through a single large electrostatic 'lens' instead of 3 smaller ones like the GE and others used.
One last stroll down memory lane: Does anyone remember the forerunner of the Sony Trinitron? It began as the "Lawrence Tube" (named after its U.S. inventor Dr. Lawrence) then was demonstrated as the "Chromatron" (I think Paramount had some stake in it then). I don't know how the concept became Sony's property so if anyone can corroborate or correct any of my recollections, I would enjoy hearing about it. Thanks.
(From: Andy Cuffe (baltimora@psu.edu).)
I read about Sony's development of the Trinitron. Apparently Sony actually manufactured a 17" TV with a Chromatron CRT in the early 60's. It was only sold in Japan and used a very unreliable tube chassis. According to the book they all ended up being returned and Sony lost a lot of money on it. Later Sony took ideas from the GE in-line tube and the Cromatron to invent the Trinitron. They used the 3 in-line cathodes of the GE tube with the vertical phosphor stripe screen of the chromatron. The common focusing lens was a way to stay as close as possible to the single electron gun design of the chromatron. The tone of the book suggested that Sony bet the whole company on the success of the Trinitron. Apparently they were very close to licensing the shadow mask design from RCA because of the amount of money they were losing by developing their own color CRT. If anyone is interested I think the title of the book was "Sony Vision". It also had chapters on the Betamax and the development of the first solid state TV.
This is simple geometry - similar triangles (at least for a good approximation).
It is easy to do the calculations based on the distance between the electron guns and the horizontal stripe pitch of the CRT (assuming slot mask or Trinitron - just a little more trouble for dot mask to convert the dot pitch).
Dot pitch: 0.3 mm | | ___________________________________ Phosphor screen G B R G B R G B R G B R G B ^ \|/ 15 mm - ----- ----- ----- ----- --------- Shadow mask /|\ ^ / | \ | / | \ 350 mm / | \ | / | \ v B-gun G-gun R-gun ---------------- Electron guns (center of deflection) | | | | Gun pitch: 7 mm(Cool diagram based on efforts of Jeroem Stessen.)
Be aware that both face-plate and shadow-mask are curved and that the radius of curvature is much larger than the distance to the guns. The screen is relatively flat. This too has consequences for the calculation. Oh, heck.
At the center of the screen, we have:
Distance between E-guns (R-G) Slot pitch (R-G) ----------------------------------------- = ------------------ Distance from deflection center to mask Mask to screenFor a typical 25 inch TV CRT with a .9 mm slot pitch (.3 mm between adjacent stripes) and 7 mm between adjacent guns we have a ratio of about 23:1.
For a distance of 350 mm between the center of deflection and mask, this gives us about 15 mm (~.6 inches) between the mask and the screen.
The shadow mask is mounted in a diaphragm. The diaphragm is mounted to the inside of the tube with 4 metal springs. In the old days these were bimetal springs. They have an important role for colour purity: they allow the mask to move forward as it expands due to self-heating.
Remember: it must dissipate a lot of power and there is no cool air in there...
During production the mask is mounted and removed many times to allow for etching of the phosphors. A point light source is precisely positioned at the deflection center of each gun in-turn to expose the photoresist used in laying down the phosphor dots. (I know, you thought they were painted on one spot at a time! :-)
The mask is never fastened permanently, only clicked in to place just prior to having the envelope glued to the front assembly.
As no two masks are identical, each tube is always paired with its own mask.
(From: David Moisan (dmoisan@shore.net).)
From pictures I've seen, the best way to describe the shadow mask is that it is like a picture inside its frame: The glass face is the frame and the mask is the picture it holds, so to speak. The mask is carefully designed in a frame of its own, with spring clips around the edges, so that it won't distort under the heating it gets from the electron beams (not to mention during manufacturing). There's also a magnetic shield around the inside of the bell in some tubes.
The question often arises: Well, if magnetization and the need for degauss is a problem, why not make the shadow mask or aperture grille from something that is non-magnetic?
The shadow mask *must* be made of magnetic material! This may seem to be undesirable or counterintuitive but read on:
Together with the internal shielding hood it forms sort of a closed space in which it is attempted to achieve a field-free space. The purpose of degaussing is *not* to demagnetize the metal, but to create a magnetization that compensates for the earth's magnetic field. The *sum* of the two fields must be near zero! Degaussing coils create a strong alternating magnetic field that gradually decays to zero. The effect is that the present earth magnetic field is "frozen" into the magnetic shielding and the field inside the shielding will be (almost) zero. Non-zero field will cause colour purity errors.
Now you will understand why a CRT must be degaussed again after it has been moved relative to the earth's magnetic field. This will also explain why expensive computer monitors on a swivel pedestal have a manual degaussing button, you must press it every time after you have rotated the monitor.
The axial component of the magnetic field is harder to compensate by means of degaussing. Better compensation may be achieved by means of a "rotation coil" (around the neck or around the screen), this requires an adjustment that depends on local magnetic field. CRT's for moving vehicles (like military airplanes) may be equipped with 6 coils to achieve zero magnetic field in all directions. They use magnetic field sensors and active compensation, thus they don't need any degaussing function. This is too expensive for consumer equipment.
Nearly any color that we can perceive can be made from some combination of primary colors. There are two types - additive and subtractive.
RGB are primary additive colors - anything that emits light will use these.
The three types of cone (color) recepters in the retina of the human eye have peaks (roughly) sensitive to these primary colors.
Those red, yellow, and blue primaries you used to create your works of art should actually not have been red, yellow, blue but rather magenta, yellow, cyan - close but no cigar. Red, yellow, and blue are approximations good enough for basic painting or printing but are not capable of reproducing the widest range of colors.
CMY (cyan, magenta, yellow) are subtractive colors. Printing processes and color photography use these because layers of ink or dye absorb light. Basically, each of CMY removes a single color from (RGB).
Warning: A CRT that is supposed to have a rimband but where it is missing or damaged is a serious hazard since the possibility of implosion is greatly increased and the effects of such an implosion will be more severe. However, such a situation is virtually impossible to occur on its own since the rimband is part of the mounting bracket assembly. Don't be tempted to remove the rimband for any reason unless the vacuum has been let out (in, whatever one does with a vacuum) of the CRT! Spontaneous implosion is even possible. See below for an example.
In some cases, there will be a separate faceplate. Older TVs usually had either a totally separate laminated glass plate in front of the CRT or a contoured glass panel bonded (glued) to the CRT itself. Part of its purpose is protective. It would prevent damage to the CRT in the event of a blow from a thrown object like an ashtray or shoe! In addition, it would contain the debrie in the unlikely event of an implosion resulting from some really catastrophic event.
However, the separate or bonded glass plate can also be used for cosmetic purposes to:
I got my User ID from the metal band. :) Anyway, a friend of mine decided to cut the rimband off a picture tube. I wasn't there, he told me about it. This was a 25" RCA tube he wanted to fit into a Zenith TV (don't ask me why). What happened in the next few seconds after he cut the rimband, the picture tube imploded in his face, embedding the neck and yoke assembly in the ceiling, he came out with a cut about half an inch above his right eye that needed 6 stitches to close. Had that shard of glass been half an inch lower, he would be wearing an eye patch or have a glass eye for the rest of his life.
I told him what an idiot he was, he's lucky he didn't kill himself or blind himself, and also told him NEVER cut the rimband off a picture tube that has vacuum. I just wanted to add that!:)
"Is it really true that they put lead in the CRT glass for X-ray shielding? What is the transparent conductive coating on the front of the CRT made of?"(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
First - yes, the glass is leaded (or contains other "impurities") to reduce emissions. In short, it's not just straight sand. :-)
There are various proprietary formulas used to make the faceplate coating, which often acts both as a conductive layer to reduce low-frequency electric fields and as a glare-reduction layer, but one of the most popular materials for making a transparent conductive layer is indium-tin oxide, a.k.a. "ITO". Such transparent conductors are also used in LCDs and other flat-panel technologies - at least the top layer of electrodes (row or column lines) has to be transparent! As conductors go, these things aren't THAT conductive - the age of see-through power lines or Star Trek's "transparent aluminum" is not upon us (and for certain theoretical reasons CAN'T be) - but they get the job done.
The CRT is primarily responsible for the latter two.
The focus or sharpness of the spot or spots that scan across the screen is a function of the design of the electron gun(s) in the CRT and the values of the various voltages which drive them. Focus may be adjustmented but excellent focus everywhere on the screen is generally not possible.
Sharp focus is a difficult objective - the negatively charged electrons repel each other and provide an inherent defocusing action. However, increasingly sharp focus would not be of value beyond a certain point as the ultimate resolution of a color CRT is limited by the spacing - the pitch - of the color phosphor elements. (For monochrome displays and black-and-white TVs, CRT resolution is limited primarily by the electron beam focus.)
One of three approaches are used to ensure that only the proper electron beam strikes each color phosphor. All perform the same function:
Dot pitches as small as .22 mm are found in high resolution CRTs. Very inexpensive 14" monitors - often bundled with a 'low ball' PC system - may have a dot pitch as poor as .39 mm. This is useless for any resolution greater than VGA. Common SVGA monitors use a typical dot pitch of .28 mm. TVs due to their lower resolution have pitches (depending on screen size) as high as .75 mm - or more.
Obviously, with smaller screens and higher desired video source resolutions, CRT pitch becomes increasingly important. However, it isn't a simple relationship like the size of a pixel should be larger than the size of a dot triad or triple, for example. Focus is important. All other factors being equal, a smaller pitch is generally preferred and you will likely be disappointed if the pitch is larger than a pixel. As the pixel size approaches the phosphor triad or triple size, Moire becomes more likely. However, the only truly reliable way to determine whether Moire will be a problem with your monitor is to test it at the resolutions you intend to use.
(From: Bob Niland (rjn@csn.net).)
Dot pitch is the major component in the actual resolution of the monitor. Most monitor vendors quote the highest resolution signal their monitor will sync to irrespective of whether or not the tube can resolve it. Indeed, it often cannot resolve the highest (and even second highest) claimed display resolution.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Very true. On the other hand, things may not be quite as bad as what the numbers appear to say, sometimes.
(From: Bob Niland (rjn@csn.net).)
It's no accident that monitor size is specified in inches, and dot pitch in mm. The vendors don't want to make it easy for you to know what the geometry of their phosphor triads actually is, i.e. how many RGB dot triplets there are across and down the screen."
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Well, I wouldn't want to accuse the tube industry of deception. Expressing diagonal sizes in inches comes from long-standing tradition. Expressing pitch in millimeters is actually a relatively new practice in comparison, and isn't too unusual when you realize that most tube manufacturers - esp. those in the Far East - actually spec their tube diagonals in metric terms. For instance, Matsushita (Panasonic) has listed their "15 inch visual" color CRTs as "420xxxx" models, 420 being the overall diagonal in mm (16.54")
(From: Bob Niland (rjn@csn.net).)
Here's how to figure it out. You need first to know:
Trinitron (aperture grille) tubes will never have the pitch specified as a diagonal measurement, since they have vertical stripes of phosphor. Conventional (flat-square) models will, and probably the safest conversion between diagonal and horizontal for these is to mlutiply by the cosine of 30 degrees (0.866), unless you know for sure the angle to horizontal at which the diagonal measurement was made. (It varies for different tube designs.) See the section: How to Compute Effective Dot Pitch.
(From: Bob Niland (rjn@csn.net).)
This is the Active Picture Horizontal size (APH) in inches.
This is the APH in mm (APHmm).
This is the useful horizontal resolution of the monitor.
Notice that this number probably does not precisely match any common (640, 800, 1024, 1152, 1280 or 1600) resolution in use, and that it is probably *less* than what the vendor claimed.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Here is where some words of explanation are in order.
What many people fail to realize is that the phosphor triads of the screen *do not* correspond to pixels in the image; they are not kept in alignment with the image pixels/lines/whatever, nor is there are reason for them to be. The phosphor dot pitch IS a limiting factor in resolution, but we need to look a little further to determine whether or not a given tube will be usable for a given format (what most people mistakenly call a "resolution".)
The true resolution capabilities of a CRT are limited primarily by the dot pitch AND the spot size. For practically all CRTs and monitors in the PC market, the spot size is considerably larger than the dot pitch - up to 2X or so at the corners, if the tube is at or near its specification limits. This doesn't necessarily cause a problem with the image quality, however, since you aren't really resolving individual "pixels" in any case - what you need to resolve are the *differences* between adjacent pixels, or pixel/line pairs. And, oddly enough, it doesn't take a dot pitch of equal or greater size than a logical pixel to do this to most people's satisfaction. In fact, display types sometimes talk about a 'Resolution/Addressibility Ratio', or RAR, which is in effect the ratio of the actual size of a spot on the display to the size of a "logical" pixel in the image. And for best perceived appearance, this is generally going to be GREATER than 1:1 - say, 1.5:1 or even 2:1. (Too high, and the image is blurred; but too low, and the image takes on a grainy appearance that most people find objectionable.)
Bob is absolutely correct in stating that most displays, when run at the highest support addressibility or format (or, if you insist, "resolution") wind up with the "pixel size" being smaller than the dot pitch. But what is also correct, if somewhat counterintuitive, is that this is OK, and can still result in an image that will be acceptable (and even perceived as 'sharp') to the user.
You can certainly exceed the resolution capabilities of a tube and/or monitor (monitors differ from simple tubes by also having a video amp to worry about!). For instance, you probably won't be really happy with 1600 x 1200 on a 17" 0.28 mm CRT. But 1280 x 1024 on an 0.31 mm 20-21" tube can look very good, even though the numbers don't appear to work out.
(From: Bob Niland (rjn@csn.net).)
While not stated above, I would speculate that this is due to various human visual system factors, particularly that humans have more visual acuity in luminance (B&W) than in chrominance (color). If a CRT can actually illuminate less than a full phosphor triad, its luminance resolution can exceed the dot pitch. There will be some color fringing, but the eye may not notice.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
That's a good bit of it. Whether or not you're going to be satisfied with a given dot pitch versus addressibility ("resolution") basically has to do with what you think "resolve" means.
The fact that we don't generally have the same spatial acuity for color - in other words, you won't really see small details based on differences in color alone, there has to be a difference in brightness - is a big part of this. And you will be able to see such variations acceptably even when the size of the logical pixel is somewhat under the dot pitch size. When this occurs, you don't get constant color pixels - you don't even get constant *luminance* pixels - but you do perceive acceptable levels of detail to call the image 'sharp'.
"I have 2 identical monitors. One is razor sharp from edge to edge. The other is blurred at the corners- not from convergence problems, but just plain out of focus. In this monitor, the focus adjustment on the flyback can improve the focus at the edges, but then the center of the screen becomes worse..My question is : Is this a problem in the electronics and presumably a fixable flaw or is it caused by variance in the picture tube itself and not correctable ? Or is it some other issue?"(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
The adjustment on the flyback sets the "static" focus voltage, which is a DC voltage applied to the focus electrode in the CRT. However, a single fixed focus voltage will not give you the best focus across the whole CRT screen, for the simple reason that the distance from the gun to the screen is different at the screen center than it is in the corners. (The beam SHAPE is basically different in the corners, too, since the beam strikes the screen at an angle there, but that's another story.) To compensate for this, most monitors include at least some form of "dynamic" focus, which varies the focus voltage as the image is scanned. The controls for the dynamic focus adjustment will be located elsewhere in the monitor, and will probably have at LEAST three adjustments which may to some degree interact with one another. Your best bet, short of having a service tech adjust it for you, would be to get the service manual for the unit in question.
It is also possible that the dynamic focus circuitry has failed, leaving only the static focus adjust.
As always, DO NOT attempt any servicing of a CRT display unless you are familiar with the correct procedures for SAFELY working on high-voltage equipment. The voltages in even the smallest CRT monitor can be lethal.
The usual arrangement of phoshpor dots on the screen of a dot mask type CRT is shown below:
B R G B R G B R G B R G B R R --- G --- B --- R R G B R G B R G B R G B R G B Magnified -> / | B R G B R G B R G B R G B R / | R G B R G B R G B R G B R G B G --- R -+- B --- G --- R(Portions from: Jac Jamar (jamar@comp.snads.philips.nl).)
For a dot mask type CRT, normally the nominal pitch (also called the Hexagonal Pitch or HexP) is defined as the distance between one phosphor dot to the next same colored one in the 'hexagonal' direction (i.e. in the direction 30 degrees above the horizontal).
The calculations below follow from simple geometry:
SCHDP = HexP * sqrt(3) (sqrt(3) = 1.732 or 2 * cos(30 degrees))This is the distance between one phosphor dot and the next dot of the same color on the same horizontal line.
In general, the dot/slot/line pitch of TV CRTs is very large compared to even mediocre computer monitors. Here are some typical values which I measured very precisely (!!) by putting a machinest's scale against the screen. These are all slot mask type CRTs:
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
The physical shape of the tubes themselves came through this evolution, but the aspect ratio assumed for the original transmission format specs WAS 4:3, as driven by Hollywood. Where did you think the shape of the masks came from?
The desired 4:3 aspect ratio standard was known right from the start, and the early TV designers DID realize that the use of round tubes to display this was a literal case of a "square peg in a round hole". Rectangular CRTs for TV use had been developed as early as 1939, with the first American rectangular tube to enter production in late 1949.
(See Peter Keller's very excellent "The Cathode Ray Tube: Technology, History, and Applications" for all the details.)
This is the maximum angle the beam makes with respect to the gun axis to fill the screen.
Apparently CRTs have made quite an increase lately. Years ago when I looked into it, CRTs were not much better than about 20:1. Now, folks are claiming well over 40:1.
One thing to watch, though. The phosphor has two decay curves, a rapid one followed by a slow one. A change in scene can lower contrast ratio of a bar chart that appears in a region that was a large white area.
(From: Steve Eckhardt (skeckhardt@mmm.com).)
This comment makes me curious about the claims made by manufacturers of video projectors. Visually, their images have lots of resolution but mediocre contrast at large scale. A video monitor looks a lot better in contrast. The manufacturers, however, claim contrast ratios of 100:1 or better.
Are the numbers simply marketing hyperbole or have I missed something interesting?
There are several methods for arriving at the advertised numbers for contrast. One is to simply advertise the number for the imager and ignore the degradation due to the rest of the system. Another is to measure the illuminance of a white screen compared to a black screen. The best way is to use the ANSI method and advertise ANSI contrast, which is the practice at 3M. We really do sell projectors that achieve 100:1 contrast when measured by the ANSI standard. This is, however, a relatively recent achievement. LCD projectors are improving at a rapid rate.
CRT projectors are an alternate technology that I know little about, but they have characteristics that allow them to produce very high localized contrast. This can make displays and projectors based on CRT's look superior to anything an LCD can produce.
(From: Don Stauffer (stauffer@htc.honeywell.com).)
One big problem with LCD displays, projection or otherwise, is view angle. In order to cut off the light completely, polarization needs to be controlled to a couple of degrees. The LCD works by affecting the rotation, so many degrees per unit distance through the crystal. But the total path through the crystal depends on view angle. So max contrast may be only over a small field angle. Now, games can be played with this in projection optics, but it is hard.
Advantages: simple (at least in priniple), doesn't care if conditions
change (within specified field strength limits). Mu-metal can be very effective
if used properly - but see below.
Disadvantages: expensive and often ugly. The cost of a complete functional but not aesthetic enclosure for use of a color monitor near an MRI scanner was about $2,000 a couple of years ago when we needed to provide this for one of our customers.
Advantages: can be built inside the monitor using small coils in
some cases.
Disadvantages: must be engineered for each situation. Change almsot anything and it will no longer be effective even if feedback is used. Complex in practice since interfering field geometry is often not well behaved.
Advantages: will reduce interference for all monitors in the vicinity.
Disadvantages: shielding location may not be readily accessible. Geometry offending device may not lend itself to a reasonable size or shape shield.
You can buy commercial Mu-metal screening cans and yes they are a complete enclosure, with small holes for the I/O wires.
Mu-metal is very expensive and not easy to work but will solder, especially with acid flux.
I suggest you try a dummy run first with some mild steel to get the design sorted and to test if it looks worth it.
You never know your luck, mild steel may do the job anyway and you may not want to deal with mu-metal (--- sam):
"Just got my 10' sheet of mu-metal delivered today. It came very well packaged sandwiched between two pieces of wood so that it would not bend during shipment."(From: James P. Meyer (jimbob@acpub.duke.edu).)
One of the reasons it came so well packaged was the fact that the magnetic properties are degraded if the material is bent or stressed in any way. Once you fabricate anything out of the mu-metal, you have to go through a high temperature annealing process to remove the stress and restore its full magnetic properties. If you don't do that, you are no better off with Mu-metal than you would be with tin-can stock.
Shielding of conventional speakers may also be possible:
(From: Lionel Wagner (ck508@freenet.carleton.ca).)
Put a Tin can over the magnet. This will reduce the external field by about 50%. If more shielding is desired, put additional cans over the first, in layers, like Russian dolls. (Note: a Tin can is actually made nearly entirely of steel - the term 'Tin' is historical. --- sam)
(From: Nicholas Bodley (nbodley@tiac.net).)
While both electrostatic and electromagnetic (E/M) fields can affect the paths of the electron beams in a CRT, only E/M fields are likely to be strong enough to be a problem.
Magnetic shields have existed for about a century at least. Some decades ago, a tradenamed alloy called Mu-Metal became famous, but it lost its effectiveness when bent or otherwise stressed. Restoring it to usefulness required hydrogen annealing, something rarely done in a home shop (maybe one or two in the USA).
More-recent alloys are much less fussy; tradenames are Netic and Co-Netic.
Magnetic shields don't block lines of force; they have high permeability, vastly more than air, and they guide the magnetism around what they are shielding; they make it bypass the protected items.
I have been around some shielded speakers recently, but never saw any disassembled. They looked conventional, must have had the "giant thick washer" (my term) magnet, and seemed to have a larger front polepiece than usual.
They had a shielding can around the magnet; there was a gap between the front edge of the can and the polepiece. I suspect that a second internal magnet was placed between the rear of the main magnet and the rear (bottom) of the can, so there would be minimal flux at the gap between the can and the front polepiece. Holding pieces of steel close to the gap between the can and the polepiece showed very little flux there.
Modern magnets are not easy to demagnetize, in general.
(From: Dave Roberts (dave@aasl.demon.co.uk).)
The *good* so-called magnetically screened speakers rely on two means
of controlling stray flux. The static field from the magnet on the speaker
(which would cause colour purity problems) is minimized by the design of
the magnet. This is often at the expense of gap field linearity, leading
to greater distortion - not that most users seem to worry about that... The mains varying field is minimized by use of a toroidal mains transformer,
but the more recent mains powered speakers seem to be coming with *plug
top* PSUs, which take the problem further away.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
No, it's not nonsense. The fields generated by the deflection coils,
etc., ARE much greater in magnitude than the Earth's field, but they're
AC fields. The DC offset of these fields is relatively small, and the Earth's
field (also DC) IS sufficient to cause a visible shift in the position
of the raster and affect the beam landing, etc.. This is why, for instance,
there ARE often problems when trying to use a "Northern hemisphere" monitor
in the Southern hemisphere.
Having said that, however, this isn't really something the average user
needs to worry about. In the detailed specs for any monitor, there generally
ARE a set of specific ambient conditions under which certain performance
specs are intended to be checked. These usually include the ambient magnetic
fields (which also tells you what magnetic environment was used at the
factory for adjustment), and the orientation of the monitor within those
fields. For the vast majority of monitors, the specified ambient conditions
simulate average magnetic fields in the U.S. or Europe (which are very
similar), and the monitor is specified as facing east or west within those
fields. Strictly speaking, one has to establish those conditions (and so
match the factory adjustment environment) in order to evaluate the monitor
for compliance with these specifications.
Monitors are aligned in whatever field the manufacturer (or large OEM
customer) SPECIFIES. This USUALLY involves an east or west alignment, as
this results in no field component in the CRT's Z-axis (the axis "down
the throat" of the CRT, perpendicular to the center of the screen).
However, this doesn't necessarily mean that optimum performance at YOUR
location will be obtained with the unit facing east or west, as local fields
can vary considerably from the specified nominal field. The field identified
in the specs is just that - it is part of the conditions under which those
specifications are to be checked.
But the *specific* conditions for a given installation can vary considerably
from the nominal, and so the only advice I can give the individual user
is that if you're happy with the performance, don't worry about it. If
you DO think that a local DC field (the Earth's field or any other) is
causing a problem, THEN try to move or rotate the unit to see if you can
find a better orientation or location. Of course, *AC* fields, such as
those from a nearby power line or electrical equipment, are something else
entirely.
They use magnetic field compensation for the professional types. This
is too expensive for us mortals, so we get a CRT that has been optimized
for one field condition only: North, South or Neutral. Not all displays
are CRTs. LCDs for instance are not sensitive to the earth magnetic field.
And not all CRTs use a shadow mask for colour selection. For instance,
in Tektronix colour oscilloscope they use a white CRT with a colour LCD
shutter in front of it. That too would not be affected too much by the
earth magnetic field.
You see, plenty of ways out for aircraft, ships, and the Space Shuttle.
Yes, it is true.
It makes a difference whether you talk about a front or rear projector.
Front projectors are expensive and critical enough that they will be converged
after installation, so that takes care of any convergence errors. Purity
errors are of course no issue with 3 separate CRTs...
Rear projectors are converged in the factory, the customer does only
the static convergence (4 pots) after he has decided which direction the
set will face. This takes care of problems due to the horizontal component
of the earth agnetic field.
In a rear projector the CRTs are mounted almost vertically. The vertical
component of the earth magnetic field causes a rotation error. Normally
this is not an issue because that component does not depend on the orientation
of the set and it is more or less constant over the entire continent.
It makes a biiiig difference though if you manufacture PTVs in Belgium
and then export them to Australia... That means opening the cabinet and
re-adjusting for rotation.
A front projector has its tubes mounted horizontally. The rotation error
will depend on the direction the set is facing. This is easily adjusted
through the convergence.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
It is extremely difficult for any CRT display to maintain perfect brightness
and color uniformity across the entire image. Just the geometry of the
thing - the change distance from the gun to the screen as the beam is scanned,
the changing spot size and shape, etc. - makes this nearly impossible,
and there can also be variations in the phosphor screen, the thickness
of the faceplate, etc.. Typical brightness-uniformity specs are that the
brightness won't drop to less than 70% or so of the center value (usually
the brightest spot on the screen).
On color tubes, the lack of perfect brightness uniformity is aggravated
by the lack of perfect *color* uniformity and purity. What appear to be
"dark spots" on a solid gray image may actually be beam mislanding (color
purity) problems, which may to some degree be remedied by degaussing the
monitor.
Again, *some* variation is normal; if you think you're seeing too much,
you can try degaussing the thing and seeing if that helps. If it doesn't,
then the question is whether or not the product meets its published specs,
and that is something you'll have to discuss with the manufacturer or distributor.
What are the possible causes of doming? I have noticed that the magnitude
of the doming effect varies with TV orientation even after degaussing several
times at the new orientation. Does this help identify the cause of the
doming in my case?" The problem with regular shadow masks is 'doming'. Due to the inherent
principle of shadow masks, 2/3 or more of all beam energy is dissipated
in the mask. Where static bright objects are displayed, it heats up several
hundred degrees. This causes thermal expansion, with local warping of the
mask. The holes in the mask move to a different place and the projections
of the electron beams will land on the wrong colours: purity errors. The
use of invar allows about 3 times more beam current for the same purity
errors.
Both local doming and magnetic fields compete for the remaining landing
reserve. Due to improper degaussing, the doming problem may be more visible.
And applying a tube designed for the wrong hemisphere may very well increase
the doming complaints. It is possible to deliberately offset the nominal
landing in order to get more doming reserve (the shift due to doming is
always to the outside of the tube). You would do this using spoiler magnets
put in the right places.
Permanently setting the contrast lower is not a real cure because the
customer might not like such a dark picture. A better picture tube (Invar
shadow mask) *is* a good cure (in most cases) but there is the cost price
increase. (This is mainly due to the fact that Invar metal is harder to
etch.)
Also see the section: What is Doming?.
There can be several reasons why primary colours (especially red) may
look different between picture tube brands:
One cause of these lines is moire (interference patterns) between the
raster and the dot structure of the CRT. Ironically, the better the focus
on the tube, the worse this is likely to be. Trinitrons, which do not have
a vertical dot structure should be immune to interference of this sort
from the raster lines (but not from the horizontal pixel structure).
You can test for moire by slowly adjusting the vertical size. If it
is moire, you should see the pattern change in location and spatial frequency
as slight changes are made to size. Changes to vertical position will move
the patterns without altering their structure - but they will not remain
locked to the moving image.
If they are due to the raster line structure - your focus is too good
- the patterns will remain essentially fixed in position on the face of
the CRT for horizontal size and position adjustments - the patterns will
remain fixed under the changing image.
How to eliminate it? If moire is your problem, then there may be no
easy answer. For a given resolution and size, it will either be a problem
or not. You can try changing size and resolution - moire is a function
of geometry. Ironically, I have a monitor which is nicer in this respect
at 1024x768 interlaced than at 800x600 non-interlaced.
Some monitors have a 'Moire Reduction Mode' switch, control, or mode.
This may or may not be of help. One way to do this is - you guessed it
- reduce the sharpness of the beam spot and make the picture fuzzier! You
might find the cure worse than the disease.
Another cause of similar problems is bad video cable termination creating
reflections and ghosting which under certain conditions can be so severe
as to mimic Moire effects. This is unlikely to occur in all colors with
a VGA display since the termination is internal to the monitor and individual
resistors are used for each color (RGB).
I think it is ironic that some people will end up returning otherwise
superb monitors because of moire - when in many cases this is an indication
of most excellent focus - something many people strive for! You can always
get rid of it - the converse is not necessarily true!
The density of the holes in the shadow mask set an upper limit on the
resolution supported by that monitor. Lower resolutions work just fine;
there is no need to have the logical pixels in the image line up with the
physical holes in the mask (nor is there any mechanism to make this happen),
and so you can think of this as the "larger pixels" of the lower-res image
simply covering more than one hole or slot in the mask.
As the effective size of the pixels in the image approach the spacing
of the mask holes, individual pixels are no longer guaranteed to cover
enough phosphor dots on the screen to ensure that they are constant color
or constant luminance, but an image will still be displayed which ON AVERAGE
(over a reasonably large area) looks OK. Actually, the specified "top end"
format ("resolution") for most monitors usually is at or slightly beyond
this point - the effective pixel size is somewhat UNDER the dot pitch.
You can easily distinguish between video problems and CRT problems -
missing pixels due to the video source will move on the screen as you change
raster position. CRT defects will remain stationary relative to the screen
and will generally be much more sharply delineated as well.
There is a specification for the number and size of acceptable CRT blemishes
so you may have to whine a bit to convince the vendor to provide a replacement
monitor under warranty.
Is there any chance that someone waved a magnet hear the tube? Remove
it and/or move any items like monster speakers away from the set.
Was your kid experimenting with nuclear explosives - an EMP would magnetize
the CRT. Nearby lightning strikes may have a similar effect.
If demagnetizing does not help, then it is possible that something shifted
on the CRT - there are a variety of little magnets that are stuck on at
the time of manufacture to adjust purity. There are also service adjustments
but it is unlikely (though not impossible) that these would have shifted
suddenly. This may be a task for a service shop but you can try your hand
at it if you get the Sams' Photofact or service manual - don't attempt
purity adjustments without one.
If the monitor or TV was dropped, then the internal shadow mask of the
CRT may have become distorted or popped loose and you now have a hundred
pound paper weight. If the discoloration is slight, some carefully placed
'refrigerator' magnets around the periphery of the tube might help. See
the section:
Magnet Fix for Purity Problems - If Duct
Tape Works, Use It!.
It is even possible that this is a 'feature' complements of the manufacturer.
If certain components like transformers and loudspeakers are of inferior
design and/or are located too close to the CRT, they could have an effect
on purity. Even if you did not notice the problem when the set was new,
it might always have been marginal and now a discoloration is visible due
to slight changes or movement of components over time.
In any case, first, relocate those megablaster loudspeakers and that
MRI scanner with the superconducting magnets.
The addition of some moderate strength magnets carefully placed to reduce
or eliminate purity problems due to a distorted or dislocated shadow mask
may be enough to make the TV usable - if not perfect. The type of magnets
you want are sold as 'refrigerator magnets' and the like for sticking up
notes on steel surfaces. These will be made of ferrite material (without
any steel) and will be disks or rectangles. Experiment with placement using
masking tape to hold them in place temporarily. Degauss periodically to
evaluate the status of your efforts. Then, make the 'repair' permanent
using duct tape or silicone sealer or other household adhesive.
Depending on the severity of the purity problem, you may need quite
a few magnets! However, don't get carried away and use BIG speaker or magnetron
magnets - you will make the problems worse.
Also note that unless the magnets are placed near the front of the CRT,
very significant geometric distortion of the picture will occur - which
may be a cure worse than the disease.
WARNING: Don't get carried away while positioning the magnets - you
will be near some pretty nasty voltages!
(From: Mr. Caldwell (jcaldwel@iquest.net).)
I ended up with the old 'stuck on a desert island trick':
I duck taped 2 Radio Shack magnets on the case, in such a way as to
pull the beam back.!!!!
A $2 solution to a $200 problem. My friend is happy as heck.
RCA sells magnets to correct corner convergence, they are shaped like
chevrons and you stick them in the 'right' spot on the rear of the CRT.
(From: David Kuhajda (dkuhajda@mail.locl.net).)
A 1 degree tilt given the effect of the earth's magnetic field is well
within tolerance for a 27" TV set. The larger the picture tube, the more
the tilt effect of the earth's magnetic field is noticable. Even a shielded
speaker may have just enough magnetic field to cause some slight tilt.
1 degree, however, is anything but a serious problem. Probably you would
notice it you turned the TV 180 degrees on its axis that the tilt would
then be going the other was. Factory standard is to have the picture straight
when the back of the TV set is facing magnetic north. The actual measured
tilt we have seen is as much as 3 degrees on a 36" tv set. This is why
the higher-end larger TV sets have an adjustment for picture tilt.
(Portions from: Jac Jamar (jamar@comp.snads.philips.com).)
If discolouration complaints arise, this will normally not be due to
changes in doming behaviour, but to changes in shielding against magnetic
fields.
The ambient magnetic fields are shielded by means of iron components
inside (or sometimes outside) the tube, which have to be 'degaussed' to
give good shielding. For this in a set degaussing coils and circuits are
provided. A discolouration complaint will thus often be due to insufficient
degaussing.
Note: Some monitors have a degauss button, and monitors and TVs that
are microprocessor controlled may degauss automatically upon power-on (but
may require pulling the plug to do a hard reset) regardless of the amount
of off time. However, repeated use of these 'features' in rapid succession
may result in overheating of the degauss coil or other components. The
20 minutes off/1 minute on precedure is guaranteed to be safe.
Commercial CRT Degaussers are available from parts distributors like
MCM Electronics and consist of a hundred or so turns of magnet wire in
a 6-12 inch coil. They include a line cord and momentary switch. You flip
on the switch, and bring the coil to within several inches of the screen
face. Then you slowly draw the center of the coil toward one edge of the
screen and trace the perimeter of the screen face. Then return to the original
position of the coil being flat against the center of the screen. Next,
slowly decrease the field to zero by backing straight up across the room
as you hold the coil. When you are farther than 5 feet away you can release
the line switch.
The key word here is ** slow **. Go too fast and you will freeze the
instantaneous intensity of the 50/60 Hz AC magnetic field variation into
the ferrous components of the CRT and may make the problem worse.
It looks really cool to do this while the CRT is powered. The kids will
love the color effects.
Bulk tape erasers, tape head degaussers, open frame transformers, and
the "butt-end" of a weller soldering gun can be used as CRT demagnetizers
but it just takes a little longer. (Be careful not to scratch the screen
face with anything sharp.) It is imperative to have the CRT running when
using these whimpier approaches, so that you can see where there are still
impurities. Never release the power switch until you're 4 or 5 feet away
from the screen or you'll have to start over.
I've never known of anything being damaged by excess manual degaussing
as long as you don't attempt to degauss *inside* the set - it is possible
to demagnetize geometry correction, purity, and static converence magnets
in the process! However, I would recommend keeping really powerful bulk
tape erasers-turned-degaussers a couple of inches from the CRT.
If an AC degaussing coil or substitute is unavailable, I have even done
degaussed with a permanent magnet but this is not recommended since it
is more likely to make the problem worse than better. However, if the display
is unusable as is, then using a small magnet can do no harm. (Don't use
a 20 pound speaker or magnetron magnet as you may rip the shadow mask right
out of the CRT - well at least distort it beyond repair. What I have in
mind is something about as powerful as a refrigerator magnet.) Also see
the juggler's technique, below. :-)
Keep degaussing fields away from magnetic media. It is a good idea to
avoid degaussing in a room with floppies or back-up tapes. When removing
media from a room remember to check desk drawers and manuals for stray
floppies, too.
It is unlikely that you could actually affect magnetic media but better
safe than sorry. Of the devices mentioned above, only a bulk eraser or
strong permanent magnet are likely to have any effect - and then only when
at extremely close range (direct contact with media container).
All color CRTs include a built-in degaussing coil wrapped around the
perimeter of the CRT face. These are activated each time the CRT is powered
up cold by a 3 terminal thermister device or other control circuitry. This
is why it is often suggested that color purity problems may go away "in
a few days". It isn't a matter of time; it's the number of cold power ups
that causes it. It takes about 15 minutes of the power being off for each
cool down cycle. These built-in coils with thermal control are never as
effective as external coils.
Note that while the monochrome CRTs used in B/W and projection TVs and
mono monitors don't have anything inside to get magnetized, the chassis
or other cabinet parts of the equipment may still need degaussing. While
this isn't likely from normal use or even after being moved or reoriented,
a powerful magnet (like that from a large speaker) could leave iron, steel,
or other ferrous parts with enough residual magnetism to cause a noticeable
problem.
If you try the 'technique' below, make sure you don't smash the TV or
your spouse!
(From: Mike Champion (mchampfl@gdi.net).)
I replaced the magnetron in my microwave and ripped apart the old one
with my kids to 'see how it works'. Boy, there are some mother magnets
in there! The kids and I had fun with them. You know - push me pull you;
the paper clip boat; which Easter egg has the metal and which has the wood;
etc. Dnough with this kid stuff - 'wanna see something really cool?', says
I. Having been around monitors for a long time in the computer business,
i showed them what what a REALLY powerful magnet will do to an electron
beam in a cathode ray tube - my sharp 19" color TV. "Wow, dad!", "psychodelic!"
"it looks like all the colors are flushing down the toilet!" Boy, was I
DAD or what? The problem was that my experience with magnets and monitors
were in the monochrome days! so the price I paid for such esteem in the
eyes of my children were purple faces and green legs on my sharp 19" color
TV! Uh-oh! well, maybe it will be allright by tomorrow. Well it wasn't.
Now I'm getting worried! I used to do computer support at a television
station so I called an old engineer friend there for help. He just hee-hawed!
As he was drying his eyes, he suggested that I had probably just magnetized
the mask and he'd loan me a degausser. I offered to buy him lunch for the
favor. This was Friday and because of my friend's diagnosis T was able
to relax about the problem enough to think about it. Hmmmm. degausser =
alternating magnetic field... Strong magnetron magnet... Alternating...
So I got this great idea! I took the ring magnet I used to mess it up,
tied a string to it, suspended it on the string and spun it as fast as
i could. I put it up to the CRT and brought it away slowly! Eureka! On
Monday I called my smart-alek friend and cancelled the lunch!
If one or two activations of the degauss button do not clear up the
color problems, manual degaussing using an external coil may be needed
or the monitor may need internal purity/color adjustments. Or, you may
have just installed your megawatt stereo speakers next to the monitor!
You should only need to degauss if you see color purity problems on
your CRT. Otherwise it is unnecessary. The reasons it only works the first
time is that the degauss timing is controlled by a termister which heats
up and cuts off the current. If you push the button twice in a row, that
thermister is still hot and so little happens.
One word of clarification: In order for the degauss operation to be
effective, the AC current in the coil must approach zero before the circuit
cuts out. The circuit to accomplish this often involves a thermister to
gradually decrease the current (over a matter of several seconds), and
in better monitors, a relay to totally cut off the current after a certain
delay. If the current was turned off suddenly, you would likely be left
with a more magnetized CRT. There are time delay elements involved which
prevent multiple degauss operations in succession. Whether this is by design
or accident, it does prevent the degauss coil - which is usually grossly
undersized for continuous operation - to cool.
Next time you scrap a computer monitor (or tv), save the degaussing
coil (coil of wire, usually wrapped in black tap or plastic) mounted around
the front of the tube. To adapt it for degaussing sets, wrap it into a
smaller coil, maybe 4"-6". To limit the current to something reasonable,
put it in series with a light bulb (60 to 100 W, maybe as high as 200 W
but keep a finger on the temperature of the coil!). You need AC current
to degauss, so just put the bulb in series with the coil and use the your
local 120 VAC outlet. BE VERY CAREFUL that you actually wired it in series,
and that everything is properly insulated before you plug it in (A fuse
would be a real good idea too!!)
A few circles over the affected area will usually do it. Note that it
will also make your screen go crazy for a little bit, but this will fade
out within a minute or so.
Just a couple of points for emphasis:
I've been using a couple of degaussing coils from "parts" monitors,
connected n series. The combined resistance is about 27 ohms, for a current
of around 4 to 5 amps. Sorry, I don't know the wire size, but it's very
substantial, not like some of the thin, flimsy stuff I see. Works great!
Secondly, a good practice for degaussing is to slowly back away from
the monitor after giving the screen a good going over. Once you're about
5-6' away, turn the coil so it's a right angles to the CRT faceplate (which
minimizes the field the monitor is seeing), and THEN turn to coil off.
This is to reduce the possibility of the field transient caused by switching
the coil off from leaving you once again with a magnetized monitor.
The last point is to make sure that you DON'T leave the coil on too
long. These things are basically just big coils of wire with a line cord
attached, and are not designed to be left on for extended periods of time
- they can overheat. (I like the kind with the pushbutton "on" switch,
which turns off as soon as I release the button. That way, I can never
go off and leave the coil energized.)
Oh, one more thing - make sure your wallet is in a safe place. You know
all those credit cards and things with the nice magnetic stripe on them?
:-)
(Actually, I've got a good story about that last. I was teaching a group
of field service engineers how to do this once, and being the "Big Deal
Out of Town Expert", made VERY sure to place my wallet on a shelf far away
from the action. Unfortunately, Mr. Big Deal Out of Town Expert was staying
in a hotel which used those neat little magnetic-card gadgets instead of
a "real" key. Ever try to explain to a desk clerk how it was that, not
only would your keycard NOT let you into your room, it was no longer anything
that their system would even recognize as a key? :-))
The only thing in the guts of a TV or monitor (that is accessible from
outside the cabinet) that can be damaged permanently is the shadow or slot
mask of the CRT. If the magnet is strong enough to distort it, the CRT
will be ruined. Even manual degaussing with a similarly powerful degaussing
coil will then not totally clear up color purity problems. The shadow or
slot mask is a very thin perforated steel or InVar sheet about 1/2 inch
behind the glass of the CRT screen - which is itself about 1 inch thick
or more. So, even up against the screen, your magnet is still at least
1-1/2 inches from the shadow mask. It would take a mighty powerful magnet
to distort it.
For Trinitron (or clone) CRTs with aperture grilles - tensioned fine
wires in place of a shadow or slot mask, the force required would be even
greater.
No way to know without trying it :-(.
(From: Jeff Mangas (jeff@edldisplays.com).)
I work in a small monitor factory and some time ago we were using some
very strong degaussing wands to remove magnetism from some of our chassis.
We found that this caused a weakening of the shadow mask and it would take
only a small shock/vibration to break the mask loose. We are not 100% sure
that it was the degaussing that caused the problem but we only used these
strong wands for a short time (lost several tubes while using them) and
have not had any problems before or since.
Dynamic convergence circuitry is now virtually non-existent, except
in high resolution monitor tubes and in Sony Trinitron tubes (they require
a very basic horizontal convergence). All other tubes have the convergence
correction built into the design of the tube and the coil. Sony has chosen
a different trade-off between price and performance (which includes also
sharpness).
Most CRTs have a series - usually 3 pairs - of ring magnets mounted
on the neck near the socket end. These are used for part of the purity
adjustment and static convergence. (Coarse purity is set by the position
of the yoke and dynamic convergence is set by the tilt of the yoke.) These
rings consist of multi-pole magnets which due to their field configuration
are able to affect the electron beams from the 3 guns in different ways.
(Some CRTs employ internal structures that are premagnetized at the
factory and cannot be adjusted in the field - though perhaps auxiliary
magnet rings could be added if the original magnetization were lost for
reasons we won't go into :-). This type of CRT will be obvious as there
will be no adjustable rings to mess screw up!)
The relative orientation of the rings in a pair affect the strength
of the effect.
In a nutshell, the electron guns in most modern CRTs are arranged in-line.
For example: GRB. Some of the ring adjustments are designed to affect them
all while others pretty much leave the center gun's beam alone and only
affect the outer ones. Various options then exist depending on the magnetic
field configuration.
The three sets of ring magnets are shown below along with the position
of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) electron beams passing through
them. Each is actually a pair of rings which may be moved relative to one-another
to control the strength of the magnetic field. When the tabs are adjacent,
the fields from the two rings nearly cancel and the rings then have no
effect. Two typical orientations are shown (N and S are the poles of the
ring magnets):
Orientation 1:
Orientation 1, the RGB beams will be raised.
Orientation 2, the RGB beams will be moved to the right.
Orientation 1: The R beam will move up and the B beam will move
down relative to G.
Orientation 2: The R beam will move up and to the right and the
B beam will move down and to the left relative to G.
Orientation 1: The R and B beams will move up relative to G.
Orientation 2: The R and B beams will move up and to the right
relative to G. The adjustment procedures generally use the red gun for the setting
purity. Intuitively, one would think this should be the center (green)
gun. However, since the red beam current is the highest (red phosphor is
least sensitive), problems are likely to show up first with the red purity
so it is used for the adjustment. In any case, it is a good idea to check
all three guns for proper purity and tweak if needed before moving on to
convergence.
In an in-line gun, the green gun is always in the middle. The only reason
for adjusting purity with the red beam is because it gives the greatest
sensitivity:
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
(From: Alan McKinnon (alan.mck@pixie.co.za).)
The rearmost pair of magnets (seem from the service position behind
the set in other words furthest from you nearest the front of the tube)
affects purity. More on this later. The middle and front magnets are for
convergence and work on pairs of colours. The effects can most easily be
seen on a cross hatch test pattern (10 or so horizotal lines, 15 or so
vertical lines).
But first, purity:
Without getting into the details of what happens inside the guns, I
assume you need to know how to do the adjustments. You need some means
of generating an evenly red screen. An (expensive) pattern generator is
the preferred method. Fiddle the rear purity rings to distort the screen
by bringing green and blue blobs into it. You will note that the magnets
can be adjusted by moving both together, and moving them aart relative
to each other. The best advice here is: adjust slowly and observe what
happens. Once you have the screen evenly red, move on to convergence, which
is the trick of getting the red green and blue beams to coincide on the
screen to produce white, with the minimum of colour shadowing.
With a cross hatch pattern on screen, you can see easily how convergence
works, and how the magnets affect the picture. Each tube type is different
in exactly how this is done, but the general idea is that one set of magnets
affects two specific colours only, moving them apart and bringing them
nearer, while leaving the third colour alone. The other set of magnets
takes the colours affected by the other set, and moves them together relative
to the third colour. Also, moving a pair of magnets together adjusts the
colours in one direction (vert or horiz) while moving the magents apart
adjusts the other direction. With all things in life, there is some overlap,
so you need to look carefully and see what happens mostly - the adjustments
are not cut and dried. Oh, and they are interactive to some degree. Keep
checking purity after you do convergence. All of this is best shown with
a picture, the colours are arbitrary, you may well find the details do
not apply to your tv, but the basic principles will. These initial converence
adjustments apply only to the centre of the screen by the way, the edges
are done elsewhere:
Rotating one set of magnets together might move red and blue together
till they coincide vertically:
There you have it. Easy as pie. Some folk would have you believe no-one
in their right minds adjusts these things. Well, balls. Someone did it
at the factory, and they did it the way I just described. All you need
is the right tools (pattern generator), patience, and time.
The older delta-gun tubes (3 guns in a triangle, not in a line) can
give **excellent** pictures, with very good convergence, provided:
"Apply crosshatch, and adjust the controls on the convergence board
in the numbered order to converge the picture. The diagrams by each control
show the effect".
Here's a very quick guide to delta gun convergence where the settings
are done using various adjustments on the neck of the CRT (if you don't
have a service manual but do know what each control does, and where they
all are - otherwise, follow the instructions in the service manual ---
sam):
A word of warning here... The purity is set by ring magnets on almost
all colour CRTs, but on PIL tubes, there are other ring magnets as well
- like static convergence. Make sure you know what you are adjusting.
Convergence alignment is not something you can do yourself unless you
have the proper calibration instruments and skills. It takes lots of experience
and time. There are published specs for most of the good monitors. Most
of the time they are as follows:
There is the 'A area', 'B area', and 'C area'. On a 15 inch monitor
the A area would be a diameter of about 4 inches. The B area would be about
7.5 inches. The C area would be the outside areas including the corners.
These numbers are approximate. There are actually standard specs for these
areas. They are expressed in percentage of screen viewing area. Therefore
the inches would vary with the CRT size.
The higher the price (quality) of the monitor CRT, yoke, and scanning
control circuits, the tighter the convergence can be aligned by the technician.
For the A area on a good monitor, the maximum error should not exceed 0.1
mm. For the B area it should not exceed more than about 0.25 mm. And for
the C area, it can be allowed up to about 0.3 mm. Most of the monitors
that I have repaired, seen, and used did not meet these specs unless they
were rather expensive. With these specs there would not be any real visible
misconvergence unless you put your nose very close to the screen... A lot
of the ones in the medium price range they were about 0.15 mm error in
the A area, about 0.4 in the B and greater than in the C area. This also
annoys me because I am very critical.
If one has the skills and test gear he or she can do a better job on
most monitors. It is a question of the time involved. To see the convergence
errors a grating or crosshatch pattern is used. A full raster color generator
is required for the purity adjustments as well. This is necessary to align
the landing points of the CRT guns. The exact center reference and purity
adjustments are done with the ring magnets on the CRT neck. The yoke position
angle adjustments are also done for the side and top-bottom skewing as
well. Everything interacts!
The corners are done with various sorts of slip or edge magnets. As
for corner convergence skewing, button magnets are used. The color purity
will be effected as you go, and must be also corrected. These adjustments
interact on one another, and the processes continues until the convergence
and purity are good at the same time...!
I don't recommend the amateur or hobbiest, or even the do-it-yourselfer
to attempt this alignment procedure. The test gear would exceed the cost
of a really good monitor anyways...!!! And without the proper skills required,
he or she would only make it worse anyways...
As for purity specs, the color change from any corner to any corner
must not exceed an error of more than 200 degrees Kelvin. The error in
the B area should not exceed 300 degrees kelvin. This applies to a white
raster. Most of the monitors I see don't get better than about 300 degrees
Kelvin. And some are even 1000 out! The purity errors are best checked
with a full Red raster using 100 % saturation. Then the other color vector
angles are checked with cyan, and then magenta. The color temperature stability
should be the same in all aspects.
A color spectrometer should be used to judge this error factor. As far
as the eye is concerned, it will see a purity error of more than about
500 degrees Kelvin if the person knows what to look for...
When changing the CRT, this alignment must be done completely. Most
shops do not even employ people who are skilled to a proper alignment,
or don't even own the instruments to do it right, and the poor customer
get back a monitor that is not in specs...!
What this means is that if you were to accidentally bring a strong permanent
magnet near the base of the CRT or a strong degaussing coil, there is a
slight possibility of totally messing up this compensation requiring replacement
of the CRT. I don't know how possible this is without really working at
it!
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Since eternity, Philips CRTs have not had external multipole magnet
rings around the neck. There is an iron ring inside the neck, at the end
of the electron gun assembly. This ring is permanently magnetized in the
factory by a strong outside magnetic field at a later stage of the production.
Further responsibility for purity, convergence and geometry is in the design
of the coil windings distribution and some metal parts. Final purity adjustment
is achieved by matching a tube with a coil and then shifting and tilting
the coil slightly. This explains why Philips CRTs are always sold as a
matched combination of tube and coil, contrary to some other brands.
CRT projection displays require much convergence correction, especially
since the 3 tubes aim at the screen under different angles. Generally the
green Horizontal convergence coil is not driven because that is a geometry
correction which is taken care of by the horizontal deflection circuit.
The 3 vertical convergence coils usually also take care of vertical geometry
correction (N-S corrrection) because the vertical deflection circuit is
generally a standard direct-view type. Add to that a severe keystone correction
for the Red and Blue tubes.
The convergence waveforms used to be generated from an analog polynomial
generator. The components are then weighted and summed to form a Taylor
polynomial. Consider the adjustment of horizontal convergence, then typical
polynomial components are:
Most manufacturers will quote an MTBF (Mean Time Before Failure) of
somewhere in the 30,000 to 60,000 hour range, EXCLUSIVE OF the CRT. The
typical CRT, without an extended-life cathode, is usually good for 10,000
to 15,000 hours before it reaches half of its initial brightness. Note
that, if you leave your monitor on all the time, a year is just about 8,000
hours.
The only "tuneup" that a monitor should need, exclusive of adjustments
needed following replacement of a failed component, would be video amplifier
and/or CRT biasing adjustments to compensate for the aging of the tube.
These are usually done only if you're using the thing in an application
where exact color/brightness matching is important. Regular degaussing
of the unit may be needed, of course, but I'm not considering that a "tuneup"
or adjustment.
There is some dispute as to what cleaners are safe for CRTs with antireflective
coatings (not the etched or frosted variety). Water, mild detergent, and
isopropyl alcohol should be safe. Definitely avoid the use of anything
with abrasives for any type of monitor screen. And some warn against products
with ammonia (which may include Windex, Top-Job, and other popular cleaners,
as this may damage/remove some types of antireflective coatings. To be
doubly sure, test a small spot in corner of the screen.
In really dusty situations, periodically vacuuming inside the case and
the use of contact cleaner for the controls might be a good idea but realistically,
you will not do this so don't worry about it.
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Windex is perfectly fine for the OCLI HEA coating or equivalents; OCLI's
coating is pretty tough and chemical-resistant stuff. There may be alternative
(er..cheaper) coatings in use which could be damaged by various commercial
cleaners, (For what it's worth, OCLI also sells their own brand of glass
cleaner under the name "TFC", for "Thin Film Cleaner".)
I have cleaned monitors of various brands with both Windex and the OCLI-brand
cleaner, with no ill results. But then, I'm usually pretty sure what sort
of coating I'm dealing with...:-)
Monitor coatings are always changing; besides the basic "OCLI type"
quarter-wave coatings and their conductive versions developed to address
E-field issues, just about every tube manufacturer has their own brew or
three of antiglare/antistatic coatings. There are also still SOME tubes
that aren't really coated at all, but instead are using mechanically or
chemically etched faceplates as a cheap "anti-glare" (actually, glare-diffusing)
treatment.
In general, look in the user guide/owner's manual and see what your
monitor's manufacturer recommends in the way of cleaning supplies.
The flyback is the thing with the fat red wire coming out of it (and
perhaps a couple of others going to the CRT board or it is near this component
if your set has a separate tripler) and may have a couple of controls for
focus and screen. It should have some exposed parts with a ferrite core
about 1/2-3/4" diameter.
The filament of the CRT is the internal heater for each gun - it is
what glows orange when the set is on. What has happened is that a part
of the fine wire of the bad color's filament (assuming this is indeed your
problem) has shorted to the cathode - the part that actually emits the
electrons. Normally, the heater circuit is grounded or tied to a reference
voltage so when it shorts to the cathode, the cathode voltage level is
pulled to ground or this reference.
You will need some well insulated wire, fairly thick (say #18-22). Find
a spot on the flyback where you can stick this around the core. Wrap two
turns around the core and solder to the CRT filament pins after cutting
the connections to the original filament source (scribe the traces on the
board to break them). Make sure you do not accidentally disconnect anything
else.
This winding should cause the filaments to glow about the same brightness
as before but now isolated from ground. If they are too dim, put another
turn on the flyback to boost the voltage. (Don't go overboard as you may
blow the filament totally if you put too many turns on the core - you then
toss the TV or monitor.)
Route the wires so that there is no chance of them getting near the
high voltage or any sharp metal edges etc. Your picture quality may be
a tad lower than it was before because of the added stray capacitance of
the filament wiring being attached to the the (formerly bad) video signal,
but hey, something is better than nothing.
Shorts in the CRT that are between directly accessible electrodes can
be dealt with in a more direct way than for H-K shorts. At this point you
have nothing to loose. A shorted CRT is not terribly useful.
If the short is between two directly accessible electrodes like cathode-grid,
then as a last resort, you might try zapping it with a charged capacitor.
Unplug the CRT socket!
Start with a relatively small capacitor - say a few uF at a couple hundred
volts. Check to see if the short is blown after each zap - few may be needed.
Increase the capacitance if you feel lucky but have had little success
with the small capacitor.
If the fault is intermittent, you will, of course, need to catch the
CRT with the socket disconnected and the short still present. Try some
gentle tapping if necessary. If you do this with the charged capacitor
across the suspect electrode, you **will** know when the short occurs!
(From: Terry DeWick (dewickt@esper.com).)
I have seen this problem many times, shorted CRT red cathode, tap neck
of CRT (not hard enough to brake, but close) or hit with a Tesla coil,
we use one in shop, remove CRT board, run coil around pins for about 10
seconds, would you believe there is a service bulletin from Philips on
this and focus shorts - I do not have a copy - I just helped write it -
demonstrated use of coil to the service engineer and fixed 2 bad tubes
in process.
Look around the neck of the CRT for a coating - the getter. If it has
turned white or red, your CRT is history. If it is still silver, the vacuum
is intact and your arcing may be due to a bad flyback putting excessive
voltage on the screen or focus electrode or a CRT that is bad in other
ways. There are supposed to be external protection spark gaps, etc. for
this but may not always work.
Sorry, junking it is probably the only realistic solution. Unless you
find a cheap used CRT, the expense is not worth it. Even then, adjustments
may be quite involved.
Barely visible scratches can be removed with jeweler's rouge or similar
ultra-fine abrasive unless the CRT has an antireflective or textured surface.
Jeweler's rouge is the same stuff that is used in the final polishing
of lenses and mirrors so it makes for a fine finish. However, any kind
of scratch deep enough to be felt will not yield to this approach.
For larger scratches, one would normally start out with a coarser abrasive
like 300 grit and work toward successively finer sizes - 600, 1200, etc.
- with the final polishing being done with the rouge. However, realistically,
this isn't really a viable approach for a CRT faceplate. It takes a lot
of grinding to remove enough material to smooth out a scratch and you are
more likely to mess things up than to improve matters.
If the CRT has an antireflective coating or textured surface, it will
almost certainly be best to leave the scratch alone. Any type of polishing
*will* remove affect the appearance in the vicinity and leave you with
a big unsightly blob. This will be much more objectionable than a slight
scratch.
The types of fillers sold in auto parts stores for repairing auto windshields
may reduce the visibility of any scratches but DO NOT restore the integrity
of the glass.
I don't quite know whether this is better or worse than the disease
but it might be worth trying:
(From: Cooper@Hub.ofthe.NET).
Specifications for Philips CRTs can be found in the regular series of
data books from Philips Components. Companies and universities usually
have them. Usually the data sheets show typical Ik/Vk characteristics.
They also list the spread on cutoff voltage and cathode gain, and this
spread is quite large even on new CRTs. They also list phosphor sensitivity
(Lum/Ik), this too has a large spread. But they almost never list anything
about the aging process.
Here are some of the effects:
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Most probably the cathodes have worn out. The emission material on the
surface slowly becomes inactive. Usually you see one colour go first, then
the others. At the same time you will observe a loss in sharpness, because
a larger cathode area is being used, giving a bigger spot.
Rejuvenating is done by applying a (too) high filament voltage, in order
to bring new emission material to the surface. It will not work for long
and there is the risk of burning the filament wire for good. It may be
worth a try, though.
Other wear mechanisms are:
First confirm that the filaments are running at the correct voltage
- there could be a marginal connection or bad resistor or capacitor in
the filament power supply. Since this is usually derived from the flyback,
it may not be possible to measure the (pulsed high frequency) voltage with
a DMM but a service manual will probably have a waveform or other test.
A visual examination is not a bad way to determine if the filaments are
hot enough. They should be a fairly bright orange to yellow color. A dim
red or almost dark filament is probably not getting its quota of electrons.
It is not be the CRT since all three filaments are wired in parallel and
for all three to be defective is very unlikely.
If possible, confirm that the video output levels are correct. For cathode
driven CRTs, too high a bias voltage will result in a darker than normal
picture.
CRT brighteners are available from parts suppliers like MCM Electronics.
Some of these are designed as isolation transformers as well to deal with
heater-to-cathode shorts.
You can try a making a brightener. Caution: this may shorten the life
of the CRT - possibly quite dramatically (like it will blow in a couple
of seconds or minutes). However, if the monitor or TV is otherwise destined
for the scrap heap, it is worth a try.
The approach is simple: you are going to increase the voltage to the
filaments of the electron guns making them run hotter. Hopefully, just
hotter enough to increase the brightness without blowing them out.
Voltage for the CRT filament is usually obtained from a couple of turns
on the flyback transformer. Adding an extra turn will increase the voltage
and thus the current making the filaments run hotter. This will also shorten
the CRT life - perhaps rather drastically. However, if the monitor was
headed for the dumpster anyhow, you have nothing to lose. You can just
add a turn to an existing winding or make your own separate filament winding
as outlined in the section: Providing Isolation for a
CRT H-K short.
In some monitors, there is a separate filament supply on the mainboard
- this should be obvious once you trace the filament wires from the video
driver board). In this case, it still may be possible to increase this
output or substitute another supply but a schematic will be required.
There are also commercial CRT rejuvenators that supposedly zap the cathodes
of the electron guns. A TV or monitor service center may be able to provide
this service, though it is, at best, a short term fix.
(From: Andy Cuffe (baltimora@psu.edu).)
The best way to tell is to look at the picture quality. There is no
way to tell the exact number of hours. Also, the life of CRTs varies quite
a bit. some will go down hill much faster than others.
(Portions from: Jerry G. (jerryg50@hotmail.com).)
You cannot tell the hours used by just looking or even measuring a tube.
A tube can go at any time. There are no hour counters!
Turn on the unit and see if there is any unusual bleeding of the image
in the picture at high contrast levels. When turning the brightness up
and down, the color temperature should not change, only the brightness.
When turning the contrast up and down, the focus at the center should also
be very stable. It may change only a little bit. When turning on the set,
the color temperature should be stable within about 3 to 5 minutes.
Look at the colors in the corners to see if the purity is good. Bad
purity can be attributed to a miss-adjusted yoke assembly, to a bad shadow
mask.
To know the manufacture date of the unit, it us usually on the back
with the model and serial number. Most TV sets are on about 5 to 8 hours
a day if it is a family TV. If it is a bedroom TV the hours may be 1/2
that amount. Monitors may be on 24 hours a day - or much less.
A good way to know if the emission of the CRT is up to specs is to get
a CRT analyzer and measure the gun emission. Some service centers own one.
(From: Gary Klechowitz (klechowi@execpc.com).)
When I rejuvenate a tube I inform the customer that there is no warranty
on the job. Rejuvenating a CRT is like when Clatuu was brought back to
life by Gort in "The Day The Earth Stood Still". When asked "How long will
you live"? he replied: "no one knows".
I use a Sencore Beam Builder. If your tube is just moderately dim and
blurry but still shows good cut off threshold, I would just use the auto
restore mode on the beam builder rather than using the restore button.
If the tube is really bad with little or no cutoff threshold, then the
rejuvenator is needed but that has less than a 50% chance of fixing the
tube and in many cases the tube gets worse to trashed in the process.
Tom:
Yes, the cathode surface is losing the Barium/Strontium oxide slowly
and hence the working voltage to free the electrons is rising. In itself,
this will not change the cut-off voltage needed for proper operation. This
stays the same, only there are fewer electrons left that can be drawn towards
the screen at a certain drive voltage. The focusing problem occurs at the
moment that the TV-set tries to establish a certain beam current and finds
out that a higher driver voltage is needed to give this current. Consequently,
a larger cathode area is used to get enough electrons out of it. This larger
cathode area will be imaged onto the screen and give a larger spot size.
Another point is the drift of leakage current, leading in a practical
TV-set with high impedance focus circuit (this allows voltage drop) to
a focus voltage at the CRT focus pin that is lower than it should be and
this again leads to a bad focus performance.
Jeroen:
Readjustment of the focus voltage will be only a temporary solution.
Addressing each of the effects and CRT rejuvenation:
Normally only the emission from the centre of the cathode adds to the
electron beam. If the emission material in the centre is exhausted then
the outer area comes in. This is a larger surface, the electron lens projects
this into a larger spot. It is not that the focus is bad, the lens works
OK. It is that a larger object is projected onto a larger image.
Jeroen:
This applies mainly to oxide cathodes. Impregnated cathodes are much
more robust. They can be applied at a higher cutoff voltage and thus deliver
a smaller spot without premature wear. They are more sensitive to a too
high heater temperature, however, because they are operated at a higher
temperature to begin with. They do evaporate more metal during their lifetime.
At one time there was fear that they would deposit too much metal on the
glass around the electrodes, leading to leakage currents. These can cause
drift of focus and screen voltages and can disturb the cutoff current measurement.
Those can influence the picture too.
Tom:
Impregnated cathodes contain a lot of emission material that moves more
easily towards the cathode surface as time passes. Oxide cathodes have
the problem that the Ba/Sr-oxide is positioned too deep to be very effective.
Hence, the life time of an I-cathode should be longer than that of an oxide
cathode but indeed the sensitivity to correct heater voltage is higher.
Second, an impregnated cathode, being highly conductive compared to an
oxide cathode which is a semi-conductor, can handle a much higher peak
current since the cathode material is not locally heated up by this peak
current. An oxide cathode can be destroyed by a too high peak beam current
!
Jeroen:
Oxide cathodes are typically operated at cutoff voltages between 100
and 130 V. Impregnated cathodes are typically operated at cutoff voltages
between 130 V and 200 V. Hence they can provide a much sharper spot, but
it is also much more difficult to design a video output amplifier with
sufficient bandwidth at the required large drive voltage (like 120 V peak-peak).
Two symptoms, both related to the cutoff voltage being higher than what
the video output amplifier(s) can deliver. The cutoff voltage is proportional
to the VG2 (second grid voltage). The higher VG2 is the higher the cutoff
voltage VK - VG1 must be to blank the beam. The video amplifier delivers
VK. VG1 is fixed. Remember: cathode drive is negative, e.g. +130V = black,
+30V = white.
If the video amplifier clips before cutoff is reached then the beam
will not be blanked completely and you will see a lighted background with
slanted retrace lines. Some class-B video amps will also show a bad recovery
time from clipping to black, this may lead to black streaks after black
images. Class-A amps should not have this problem. (In my experience this
is more common with clipping to white, usually leading to red or yellow
streaks.)
If the cutoff voltage rises (due to some unexplained wear) or because
VG2 rises (due to drift or due to owner intervention: turning the Screen
potmeter) then the user may compensate for the increased (background) brightness
by lowering the brightness control of the set. Some televisions automatically
lower the brightness of each channel because they have automatic cutoff
control. Either way, the cathode voltages rise and clipping may occur with
retrace lines as a result.
Tom:
Well, as said earlier, in principle the cut-off doesn't change due to
cathode wear-out. The fewer electrons still need the same voltage to prevent
them from reaching the accellerating lens. I have heard of cut- off drift
due to distance drift between G1 and G2 for which it is very sensitive.
However, this is not something that gets worse over time.
Some of the possible 'remedies' include:
This also helps for poisoned cathodes. Cathodes that have been operated
too long on a too low heater voltage get poisoned, meaning that the Ba/Sr-oxide
gets chemically binded, leading to a higher working voltage. Indeed, only
oxide cathodes can be rejuvenated this way. Impregnated cathodes have a
more sudden death mechanism and can not be regenerated in this way.
There is also the risk of burning out a heater filament for good.
This is done by running high (flash) currents between electrodes. A
similar procedure is performed on new picture tubes in the factory. Reduced emission (dim picture) can occur when the cathode/filament has
used up most of the electrons it can emit to the screen. Or, a 'crust'
may have formed on the thoriated emitter material that can be 'boiled off'
to expose more electrons.
A rejuvenator or restorer generally hits the cathode/filament with a
higher than normal current to accomplish this.
But, while a rejuvenator gives the cathode/filament a 'blast' of power,
a restorer can slowly increase the temperature while monitoring beam current
on one of the grids.
So generally a rejuvenator was a 'do or die' unit and a restorer could
give only what was needed to accomplish increased emission. But these definitions
have always been blurred by advertising hype.
The early restorers, such as my REM, had the operator watch the grid
current on a meter(s) to determine when emission was sufficient. I suppose
newer units have a PIC chip or some other logic to do the job.
(From: Terry DeWick (dewickt@esper.com).)
I use a hand held Tesla coil to all pins for about 5 seconds. Then,
follow up with rejuvenator for a quick check and cleanup if needed. Tesla
coil is type the neon sign people use for testing. 95% or better luck -
saved a lot of out of warranty Zeniths from big repair bills or junk pile.
I've read some articles in 'Television' which describe home-brew CRT
rejuvenators. I've not tried any of the circuits yet...
It appears that you overrun the heater by up to 50% (for a 6V heater,
try 7.5V and 9V, say). Don't blame me if it burns out ;-)
You then apply about 300V, current limited to say 50 or 60mA between
cathode and 1st grid. One of the older designs used the UK 240V mains,
a single diode as a half-wave rectifier, and a 15W light bulb in series
for this PSU. I don't like unisolated equipment, so I'm not going to try
it.
Some designs apply that voltage continuously, and you watch the emission
current rising (or the bulb getting brighter...). With others you apply
it for a few seconds, and then check the emission using, e.g. a 12V supply
and a microammeter between cathode and grid.
One old article suggested that if you get no improvement, switch off
the heater supply with the 300V still connected. As the cathode cools down,
you get quite violent stripping of the cathode - observable as sparks from
the electron gun area of the CRT. On the other hand, it is claimed that
this can completely ruin the cathode, or even cause short-circuits to occur
in the CRT.
(From: Mario Di Stefano (mario.distefano@siemens.it).)
Here is the 'gadget' I use to rejuvenate 'tired' CRT's:
How to use it:
First we have an tired CRT (BW or colour is the same). We have poor
image contrast, 'strange' brightness, also strange colours. Next we have
to remove (if present) the CRT socket to its circuitry (beware to disconnect
mains voltage FIRST!!!!!). At this point could be useful to discharge the
HV using an isolated wire FIRST connected to CRT grey body and then to
the make the contact UNDER the suction gummy which carries EHT. to the
tube. It is not a dangerous voltage, but could be better not to discharge
it over the body!
Now we have to identify the filament pins. Usually on the schematic
circuitry of the Monitor/TV it is clearly written. If the schematic is
not available, using an ohmmeter we should find the two contacts which
gives a few ohms. These contacts usually are put aside each other) have
to be connected to the transformer secondary of the circuit above. The
Cathode and 1st grids can be found looking very closely into the tube glass
(use lens and good light if necessary). Keep in mind the way the CRT electron
sources are built. These usually follows this:
Now turn off the transformer again. Connect the Cathode wire to the
cathode pin of the CRT Tube. Connect the 1st grid accordingly.
Turn on the transformer. FIRE button P1. If there is dust (due to aging)
between the cathode and 1st grid, the circuit will blow-up it. If this
happens, you could (but not always) even see the LP1 turn on and off randomly
(a good cleaning gives a lamp OFF) and some sparks inside the tube. The
tube collar glass now becomes hot: it is normal. You can even 'force' better
sparks if you 'ting' your finger against the CRT glass (not so strong,
of course). If it is a Colour CRT, you have 3 Cathodes, 3 1st grids a anyway
1 filament. Useless to say that the procedure have to be carried out for
all these electrodes. A good cleaning, gives a LP1 steady OFF. If it is
a steady bright or dim, means that a 'bridge' has been formed between the
electrodes and there is no way to recover the tube. Turn off the mains,
remove the connections, and re-apply the original socket. That's all. I'm
not tired to say: BEWARE OF THE MAINS VOLTAGE: IT CAN KILL!! If you are
not so skilled, don't try to do this procedure. I used this circuit lots
of times. It worked almost anyway. I recovered lot of thrown away PC monitors,
and now are working well....
(From: Chris F. But I'd rather give this a try than spend the $2000 Cdn it would cost
me for a Sencore unit.
Most manufacturers will quote an MTBF (Mean Time Before Failure) of
somewhere in the 30,000 to 60,000 hour range, EXCLUSIVE OF the CRT. The
typical CRT, without an extended-life cathode, is usually good for 10,000
to 15,000 hours before it reaches half of its initial brightness. Note
that, if you leave your monitor on all the time, a year is just about 8,000
hours.
The only 'tune-up that a monitor should need, exclusive of adjustments
needed following replacement of a failed component, would be video amplifier
and/or CRT biasing adjustments to compensate for the aging of the tube.
These are usually done only if you're using the thing in an application
where exact color/brightness matching is important. Regular degaussing
of the unit may be needed, of course, but I'm not considering that a tune-up
or adjustment.
Also see the section: Thernal Cycling and Component
Life.
Some of the newest ('green') monitors have energy conserving capabilities.
However, it is necessary for the software to trigger these power reduction
or power down modes. Few monitors in actual use and fewer workstations
or PCs are set up to support these features. If you have such a monitor
and computer to support it, by all means set up the necessary power off/power
down timers. However, using the power saving modes of a 'green' PC with
an older monitor can potentially cause damage since some of the modes disable
the sync signals. A 'green' monitor which can detect a blank screen and
and use this as a trigger can easily be used with a screen saver which
can be set to display a blank screen - on any PC or workstation.
Even if the monitor does not support power saving modes, a blank screen
or dark picture will reduce stress on the CRT and power supply. Electronic
components will run cooler and last longer.
Please make it a habit to turn your monitors off at night. This will
extend the life of the monitor (and your investment) and is good for the
environment as well. For workstations, there are good reasons to leave
the system unit on all the time. However, the monitor should be turned
off using its power switch. For PCs, my recommendation is that the entire
unit be turned off at night since the boot process is very quick and PCs
are generally not required to be accessible over a network 24 hours a day.
In a CRT monitor, the shortest-lived component BY FAR is the CRT itself,
and it ages (more properly, the cathode is aging) as long as the heater
is on and the tube is under bias. Most monitors don't get around to turning
the heater down or off until they enter the DPMS "suspend" or "off" modes.
(And no, screen-savers do NOT help here - the tube is still on and the
cathode is aging.)
Other factors - simply having the circuits hot and powered up in general
means that they're aging. Clearly, they're NOT aging when they're off.
This needs to be balanced against the thermal-cycling sort of stresses
that you mention which happen during power cycling, and this is why I recommend
shutting off only when you're going to be away for an extended period,
such as overnight. This is, of course, most important for those components
which have clear heat-related aging, but most do to some extent. Esp. vulnerable
are things like electrolytic caps, for obvious reasons.
The bottom line is that nothing is ever going to last forever, and trying
to maximize the life of the product is an exercise in making tradeoffs
between various aging/failure mechanisms.
The "unofficial" designed life is 10,000 hours on the guns used in most
Thomson manufactured sets. I got this from a Thomson engineer. They are
no longer plating the guns but dipping them.
Given the number of hours most people watch TV these days, take 6 hours
a day on average 365 days a year and you get 4.5 years. Also note that
the 10,000 hours is at the preset way too high brightness and contrast
settings that the set comes with from the factory. Since most people never
adjust from these expect 5 years. We do the contract repair service for
all the hospitals and hotels in our area. The sets bought in 1993 in one
hospital are now coming in with complaint of green picture or bad focus
at edges. All due to the picture tubes being worn out.
Zenith on the other hand has a company expected life of 3 years on new
sets. Plus the hard short failures they have been having on all "L" and
"M" line sets.
Thomson does have a "better" line of picture tubes for the higher end
sets. They are actually plating the guns the way they use to.
Final note: we see 7 and 8 year old sets come in all the time with crappy
picture tubes, and a few with really good looking pictures.
Why can't a giant like Sony produce a PC monitor anywhere close in cost
to an equivalently sized TV set?
(Some of this from: Mike Stewart (mstewart@whale.st.usm.edu).)
There are several significant factors being overlooked here:
It's possible, and has been done (for instance, Toshiba has one product
and offerings from other companies are available or are on the way). But
such designs ARE compromises, and won't give the best performance possible
in either application.
There is a fundamental difference between CRTs designed for TV use,
and those used in computer monitors. It's a brightness/resolution tradeoff
- TV tubes are run about 3X or so the brightness of a typical computer
monitor, but sacrifice the ability to use small spot sizes and fine dot
pitches to do this. You don't see very many color tubes running at 100
- 150 fL brightness and still using an 0.28 mm pitch!
Back in the TV-lab we have an unassembled picture tube for that purpose.
Most convenient!
Have fun, this is going to be a wonderful demonstration of a very practical
application of some heavy *physics*.
WARNING: Make sure the CRT capacitance had been discharged and the vacuum
let out first! See the section: Disposing of Dead TVs
or Monitors (CRTs and Charged HV Capacitors).
Cutting the CRT apart would be a tricky business. If it is a typical
color TV, the front is over an inch thick so you have to slice it around
the edge behind the main faceplate. I wouldn't recommend even trying a
glass cutter except as a last resort. If you can gain access to a diamond
saw to cut around the edge, that is possible - a masonry dealer or industrial
glass company might be talked into doing this. With the proper tools, it
is a 10 minute job. The problem then becomes whether the inside surface
is frosted or not. The phosphors may be at least somewhat toxic (to fish
at least) so every trace of them need to be removed. Once this is done,
the resulting finish (if the glass itself is frosted) may interfere with
your fish viewing pleasure. :-)
TVs are always set up to generate a picture which is 10-15 percent large
than the visible face of the CRT. Why?
In the early days of TV, this was probably done to make the design easier.
Component tolerances and power line voltage fluctuations would be masked
even if they caused changes in picture size.
There certainly is almost no reason today to have any more than a couple
of percent overscan. Most modern TVs have very well regulated power supplies
and component values do not really drift much.
Computer monitors, for example, are usually set up for no overscan at
all so that the entire image is visible.
We are constantly reminded of that, now that we are building TV's with
VGA inputs (PD5029C1 in the USA, US$ 2000). This mixed application has
overscan in TV mode and underscan in VGA mode. Geometry adjustment is quite
critical if you see border-on-border.
Unfortunately, TV's may be good but VCR's certainly are not. If you
have too little overscan and then put the VCR in any feature mode (like
picture search) then one (black) picture edge may become visible. Bad form.
Viewers do not like this.
While design considerations may have been the original reason for overscan,
now it has become accepted as a de facto standard, and broadcasters are
counting on the overscan being a certain percentage. One wonders whether
it will ever change or whether this really matters.
I suppose when we have true flat panel digitally addressed displays,
we might have 0% overscan.
At the Japan Electronics Show all the signs are pointed toward flat
panel displays so maybe I will not have to hold your breath for much longer.
Physically, as with an LCD display on a laptop computer, there will
be 0% overscan (no need to build the extra pixels) but that doesn't mean
that all 480 lines will be visible.
(From: Nicholas Bodley (nbodley@tiac.net).)
Aquadag used to be a trademark of Acheson Colloids [Corp.?], I think
around Niagara Falls or Buffalo, NY. It was one of many "-dag" colloidal
graphites; they also made Oildag, Gredag (grease), and Alcoholdag, as I
recall. Unfortunately, it's probably sold in 55-gallon drums minimum. I
hope you can find smaller quantities. Are there any CRT rebuild shops around
the USA? See the Thomas Catalog (ThomCat) in a library to find Acheson.
I am pretty sure there's nothing magic about the graphite. If you can
find some reasonably-priced nickel-flake or copper-flake paint (be sure
it's conductive!), you might have an affordable (?) coating. How about
plain metal foil, maybe even ordinary aluminum foil? You surely don't need
current-carrying capacity; you would need a decent adhesive, though. How
to make sure you have continuity between pieces, I'm not so sure; shoot
for really tight crimps that deform the metal and are gas-tight. (This
might, however, be quite unnecessary.)
The impedance of a gun is fairly high, with 50 to 100 V p-p swing and
1 to 5 mA p-p beam current it is in the order of 10 to 100 K Ohm. Consequently,
series inductance plays no important role but parallel capacitance does!
In fact, the video amplifiers supply more parasitic capacitive current
than beam current!
For a TV tube the total parasitic capacitance (CRT + socket + PCB +
amplifier output devices) is at least 10 pF. Assuming a beam current of
5 mA p-p at 100 V p-p swing then above 800 kHz there will be more peak-peak
capacitive current than beam current !
The pull-up resistor in the typical class-A video amplifier also consumes
current, about 12 mA p-p for an 8.2 K Ohm resistor. Together with the beam
current this shifts the dominant pole up to 2.7 MHz. Obviously there is
a dominant pole well within the range of interest, even for TV.
Better tubes may or may not have lower C but it is not very important.
The dominant pole is first shifted to a higher frequency by using lower-value
pull-up resistors in the video amplifier. Of course this will increase
dissipation losses.
Then the dominant pole is compensated by a zero in the emitter circuit
of the output transistor. There may be other compensation networks too,
often with inductors. This is what allows a better monitor chassis to achieve
a higher bandwidth.
Frequency compensation alone is not enough. Without a sufficiently low
value for the pull-up resistor the NPN transistor will simply switch off
during a rising edge and the edge will be limited by the R*C of the dominant
pole alone. The compensation network is effectively decoupled from the
output by the switched-off transistor. Remember that, boys and girls!
Of course, class-B designs with active pull-up will improve much. But
good wide-band high-voltage PNP transistors are still a bit hard to get.
Of course, spot size (sharpness of focus) is critical to allow a better
CRT to achieve a sharper picture! A better monitor needs both a better
CRT (sharper beam) and better video amplifiers (higher bandwidth).
(From: Jeff Roberts (jroberts@axionet.com).)
The following information comes from the Sencore CR7000 Manual
The tube number is broken down in to 5 parts:
Part 3: Family Number - Tubes Within a particular family have
specific mechanical and electrical characteristics.
Tubes with the same sequence of letters are identical as far as their
setup for the Sencore CR7000.
The letter sequences are grouped according to the country they are manufactured
in. Here is one pinout common in color TVs. Note that this tube socket includes
integral spark gaps and pin 12 doesn't actually go into the CRT.
Perhaps you need to know why the #'s are different?
The A is for the grade of the tube (AA is all new, B is rebuilt etc),
the 51 is size in cm, the ABU is gun type, the 14 is # of elements used
(pins), and the X is for phosphor type. Since the gun type is different
in your two tubes, I would not spend the time to sub the tube without first
check the voltages on the old one, get a schematic of set for new one,
compare the parameters and then decide.
Also, consider the cost of a new CRT may be more than half the cost
of the monitor when it was new.
Replacing a monochrome CRT is a snap in comparison.
A better (or at least less stressful) approach is to locate a monitor
that died due to a circuit problem and salvage the CRT including the yoke
and all the other magical magnets and coils.
(From: Andy Cuffe (baltimora@psu.edu).)
I have found that most 15" monitors use compatible CRTs. I just put
the CRT from an old Gateway2000 with analog controls into a nice 2 year
old monitor. As long as the yokes and CRT sockets are similar it should
work fine. Don't try to swap the yokes or you will never get it converged.
Try Hawkeye. They have been giving us good service for at least 15 years.
Their rebuilds are covered by warranty.
Back in the late 50's A Tech friend of mine built a picture tube rebuilding
plant from scratch. He made a living with it for a few years selling rebuilt
b&w tubes. Everybody around said he sold the best rebuilt tubes that
you could get. He said the secret was in the good vacuum pump and that
he used and the amount of time that he pumped down the tube.
He always said that a tube could be made to last practically forever
if you could get a high enough vacuum on it. The only real money he put
into his plant was in the pump.
A few years ago he retired and brought the whole thing down to my shop
for storage. It was a marvel to behold. The cooker was an old upright deep
freeze with a pyrex pie plate for a window. The lathe where he welded the
tube necks onto the tube was built of scraps of angle iron with a washing
machine motor. The device that he used to cut the necks off of the tube
was a model railroad controller with a homemade foot pedal and a couple
of whittled down broomsticks with metal tips shaped so that you could easily
fold the nichrome wire around the tube neck. He said it was the only transformer
he could find, at the time, that would hold up to heat the wire hot enough
to cut the neck off of the tube. It was very low voltage but would supply
hi current.
He said he had the most trouble when designing the inductance heater
but finally got it built with the help of a local genius who had built
one of our local TV station's nearly from scratch back in the 50's.
In addition to the tube plant, he also designed and got a patent on
a cotton picker. I've got a copy of his patent on display in my shop. Some
of us only half believed him for years, when he said he had the patent,
but when he died, we searched the shop and found his patent papers hidden
away in a file cabinet of old Sams Photofacts.
We found the contract where he sold the rights to build and market the
picker for a $500 per picker royalty. The guy he sold it to took the patent
and went to a nearby state, borrowed $200,000 from the bank with the Patent
as collateral then skipped the country. Those old guys were something else. They could start with a few old
scraps and build something worthwhile and useful.
Speaking of patent's, I've also seen the original patent for the hinges
RCA used to hold up the tops on the old console stereo's. I made a service
call a few years ago, and the guy's widow showed me the patent and his
original prototype hinges. The only thing is, they took the idea from the
patent and redesigned it so they wouldn't have to pay our local guy for
the hinges. RCA's redesign didn't work as well as his original, but was
recognizable as his original with only a couple of changes. RCA 'did him'
about the same way they 'did' Philo Farnsworth.
When I get a slack spell, I'll try the inductance heater to see if it
still works. If it does, I try it on the tubes and let you know. I believe
you called it a Tesla coil?
Monitors are more prone to shipping damage than most other computer
components, and it doesn't help that they typically pass through several
people's hands (several stages of shipping) before they get to you: factory
-> distribution center -> vendor -> you.
And from what I've seen first hand of shipping practices (I put in a
couple of months working in a distribution warehouse during college), you
can safely assume that each stage of shipping is roughly the equivalent
of your monitor being dropped down a flight of stairs.
You wouldn't *believe* the abuse that UPS and FedEx can subject packages
to. In fact, putting a *FRAGILE* sign on the side of the box is about the
equivalent of writing "KICK ME" on it. I remember receiving packages marked
"FRAGILE" where the (originally cubical) cardboard boxes had been smashed
into shapeless cardboard "bags", and it took us 20 minutes to figure out
what the contents of the box had originally been. ("What are all these
shards?" "I think it was some kind of vase" "No, it was some kind of lamp."
"Where's the bulb socket, then?" "How about this squashed piece of aluminum?"
"Yeah, you're right, but where's the cord then?" etc). :-) Shipping guys
would think nothing of dropping "fragile" boxes from waist-high onto a
concrete floor - safe in the knowledge that the package had passed through
so many hands that the damage could never possibly be traced back to them.
"Blameless is Guiltless" should be the motto of these folks.
Basically, what I'm saying is that if 1 monitor in 3 arrives arrives
in workable condition, you should be surprised that even that one monitor
survived.
Best Direction to Face a Monitor?
One would think that the magnetic field of the earth is inconsequential
compared to what is used to drive a CRT. While the reasons this is not
true should be obvious from other sections of this document, some would
still call worrying about such issues as the direction of the monitor nonsense.
Ways Around North/South or Other Sensitivity to Magnetic
Fields?
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Additional Comments/Summary on Northern/Southern Hemisphere
Issues
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Where you have a TV or monitor that was manufactured for a different location,
your options (apart from tossing it) are:
For this case, you might have some problems with:
Bang & Olufsen once made a compact style television where they wanted
the anode contact to be away from the top of the cabinet, so the back cover
could fit tighter. So they mounted the tube upside-down. Consequently they
had to order southern hemisphere tubes for a northern hemisphere TV set.
That works, of course.
Orientation Considerations for Projection TVs
Projection TVs do have have CRTs with shadow masks or aperture grills but
nonetheless can be affected by magnetic fields. In fact, it is possible
that degaussing could even be needed if a strong magnet were somehow placed
near the set - but how would THAT happen? :-)
"Any truth to the rumor that how you position a projection
TV in a room (N,E,S,W) can affect the image quality? Does the Earth's magnetic
field truly have that much of an effect."
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Picture Quality and Appearance Issues
Why Does the Intensity Appear So Non-Uniform in Bright
Areas?
Actually, the intensity variation is likely to be even worse than you might
think - possibly as much as 2:1 from the center to the corners. In most
cases you do not notice it. With large deflection angle tubes, fewer electrons
make it to phosphor dots near the edge of the screen. It is simple geometry.
Comments On Color Purity, Set Orientation, and Doming
"The problem with my TV is that bright parts of the picture
change color. For example, white areas may shift towards yellow or blue
depending on the orientation of the set.
(Portions from: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Difference in Color Rendition Between CRTs
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
Contour Lines on High Resolution Monitors - Moire
These fall into the category of wavey lines, contour lines, or light and
dark bands even in areas of constant brightness. These may be almost as
fine as the dot pitch on the CRT or 1 or 2 cm or larger and changing across
the screen. If they are more or less fixed on the screen and stable, then
they are not likely to be outside interference or internal power supply
problems. (However, if the patterns are locked to the image, then there
could be a problem with the video board.)
Moire and Shadow Mask Dot Pitch
(From: myers@fc.hp.com (Bob Myers).)
Isolated Spots on Display
These could be a problem with the video source - bad pixels in the video
card's frame buffer or bad spots on a camcorder's CCD, for example. Or,
they could be dirt or dead phosphor areas in the CRT. Except for problems
with the on-screen character generator, it is unlikely that the monitor's
circuitry would be generating isolated spots.
Purple Blob - or Worse
Have you tried demagnetizing it? Try powering it off for a half hour, then
on. Repeat a couple of times. This should activate the internal degausser.
See the section: Degaussing (Demagnetizing) a CRT.
Magnet Fix for Purity Problems - If Duct Tape Works,
Use It!
The approach below will work for slight discoloration that cannot be eliminated
through degaussing. However, performing the standard purity adjustments
would be the preferred solution. On the other hand, the magnets may be
quick and easy. And, where CRT has suffered internal distortion or dislocation
of the shadow mask, adjustments may not be enough.
How Much Tilt is Acceptable?
This was in reply to a concern that a 1 degree tilt on a 27" TV was a problem.
Yes, you may not like it, but unless there is a user tilt adjustment, the
laws of physics prevail!
What is Doming?
The shadow or slot mask inside the CRT is a thin sheet of steel or InVar
positioned a half an inch or so behind the phosphor screen. The flatter
the screen, the more susceptible it will be to thermal expansion effects:
With individual phosphor dots spaced as as little as .13 mm apart (for
a .22 mm dot pitch CRT), it doesn't take much inaccuracy in their position
to result in a noticeable effect. (See the section: How
to Compute Effective Dot Pitch.) As a result, high resolution CRTs
tend to be more susceptible to doming problems.
Purity problems resulting in discolouration and/or brightness variations
are due to mislanding of the microscopic electron beams (the electron beams
after the mask) on the red/green/blue phosphor stripes or dots. The mislanding
is in general caused by:
Trinitrons are more resistant to local doming effects as long as
the wires are under enough tension. However, expansion of the suspension
components can still result in doming with an overall bright picture.
Only when the sum of these influences exceeds the 'guardband' provided
in the CRT design, discolouration (or brightness variations) becomes visible.
Since lower resolution CRTs are used for most TVs compared to similar size
computer monitors, doming would not be nearly as much of a problem if they
were both run at similar brightness (energy density) levels. However, TVs
are very often used at higher brightness levels resulting in more of a
thermal load on the mask which offsets the lower resolution.
The solution in this case is to switch the TV or monitor completely
off or pull the plug if in doubt, let it cool down for half an hour or
longer and switch it on again. If necessary this procedure can be repeated
a few times (I had to do this at home once when my children had been playing
with magnets). For monitors with degauss buttons, you can usually hear
a hum when the degauss is activated.
Magnetic Fields and Degaussing
Degaussing (Demagnetizing) a CRT
Degaussing may be required if there are color purity problems with the
display. On rare occasions, there may be geometric distortion caused by
magnetic fields as well without color problems. The CRT can get magnetized:
Degaussing should be the first thing attempted whenever color purity problems
are detected. As noted below, first try the internal degauss circuits of
the TV or monitor by power cycling a few times (on for a minute, off for
at least 20 minutes, on for a minute, etc.) If this does not help or does
not completely cure the problem, then you can try manually degaussing.
How Often to Degauss
Some monitor manufacturers specifically warn about excessive use of degauss,
most likely as a result of overstressing components in the degauss circuitry
which are designed (cheaply) for only infrequent use. In particular, there
is often a thermister that dissipates significant power for the second
or two that the degauss is active. Also, the large coil around the CRT
is not rated for continuous operation and may overheat.
Ultra Cheap Degaussing Coil
Pack Rat Trick #457384:
(From: Larry Sabo (sabo@storm.ca).)
Bob Myers' Notes on Degaussing
A couple of comments: first of all, it makes no difference whatsoever if
the display is on while it's being degaussed. (Oh, some people DO like
to watch the psychodelic light show, but it really doesn't help anything
for it to be on.) Actually, there is a very minor case to be made for degaussing
while OFF, at least for the Trinitron and similar tubes. (The field of
an external degauss coil CAN cause the grille wires to move slightly, and
they're a bit more flexible when hot - so it is conceivable, although certainly
unlikely, that you're running a higher risk of causing the grille wires
to touch or cross and become damaged.)
Can a Really Strong Magnet Permanently Damage the
CRT?
Even a magnet that can suspend your weight may still not have much range
as they usually have metal pole pieces that concentrate the flux and work
well only with a matching flat steel plate.
CRT Related Adjustments
Principles of Purity and Convergence Adjustment
Purity involves bending all 3 of the beams so that they cross the space
between shadow mask and screen at the proper angle and will land at a different
place on the phosphors. Convergence involves adjusting the aim of 1 or
2 of the beams at a different angle so that they all land at the same place
on the screen.
S S N
N R G B S N R G B N N R G B S
S S N
2-pole 4-pole 6-pole
(purity) (red-blue) (red/blue-green)
0 Degrees 0 Degrees 0 Degrees
Orientation 2:
N N S S
N N
R G B R G B R G B
S S
S S N N
2-pole 4-pole 6-pole
(purity) (red-blue) (red/blue-green)
90 Degrees 45 Degrees 30 Degrees
(My apologies if I have the direction of deflection reversed - I can never
remember the right hand rule for electrons moving in magnetic fields!)
For purity to be perfect (or as good as possible), the electron beams must
originate from the same effective center of deflection as used in originally
laying down the phosphors. Moving the yoke forward and backward on the
neck of the CRT can precisely set the deflection center along the axis
of the neck. However, slight transverse errors may still exist due to imperfections
in the yoke windings or positions of the electron guns. This is affected
slightly by the earth's magnetic field as well. The purity magnet rings
are those closest to the yoke and provide the means for moving the electron
beams very slightly to compensate.
The field lines go generally across (at the orientation shown) between
the N and S poles.
The field lines go generally between adjacent N and S poles. On
opposite sides of the rings, the polarity/direction of the lines oppose
and thus tend to move the R and B beams in opposite directions. The G beam
in the center does not experience any deflection from the 4-pole ring magnets
since all the fields tend to cancel.
The field lines go generally between adjacent N and S poles. On
opposite sides of the rings, the polarity/direction of the lines are the
same and thus tend to affect the R and B beams in the same direction. The
G beam in the center does not experience any deflection from the 6-pole
ring magnets since all the fields tend to cancel.
Detailed Purity and Static Convergence Adjustment
Procedure
Also see the adjustment information in the documents:
Notes
on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video Monitors or
Notes
on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Television Sets.
| | | | | | | |
| | | -----> | | | -----> | |
| | | | | | | |
R G B G R B G R&B
And moving them apart relative to each other might move red and blue together
horizontally:
R -----
R -------- R&B---------
G ----- -----> G -------- -----> G ---------
B --------
B -----
Moving the other set of magnets together might take the red and blue pair
and move them to coincide with the green, vertically:
| | | | |
| | -----> | | ------> |
| | | | |
G R&B G R&B R&G&B (=white)
And moving them apart relative to each other might move the red and blue
pair and move them to coincide with green horizontally:
R&B -------
R&B -------
-----> ----> ------- R&G&B
G ------- (=white)
G -------
Once the convergence is perfect in the centre of the screen (called static
convergence) it's time to handle the edges and corners (called dynamic
convergence for historical reasons). This is done by physically moving
the entire yoke that is clamped around the tube neck with the deflection
coild on it. It is anchored in place by a collar on the tube neck, loosen
this slightly, butnot enough so that the yoke can move backwards. It is
also held in place by rubber wedges glued or taped down. Take the wedges
out. By gripping the yoke and levering it up and down, left and right,
you will change he convergence in the corners. The effects don't work as
you might at first suppose - moving the yoke left affects the lower right
corner, this type of thing. Get the dynamic convergence right and stuff
the wedges back under the yoke to hold it precisely in place and glue them
back down. The recheck purity.
Tony's Notes on Setting Convergence on Older Delta
Gun CRTs
(From: ard12@eng.cam.ac.uk (A.R. Duell))
Both my delta-gun sets (a B&O 3200 chassis and a Barco CDCT2/51) have
very clearly set out and labeled convergence panels, and you don't need
a service manual to do them. The instructions in the Barco manual are something
like:
The convergence over the entire screen should now be good....
Jerry's Comments on Convergence and Other Advanced
Adjustments
(From: Jerry G. (jerryg@total.net).)
CRTs with No Purity or Static Convergence Rings
I have a late model TV with a 13 inch tube with no static purity or convergence
rings. I don't get to see that many modern tubes so this was a bit of a
surprise or maybe I just hadn't noticed before on small CRTs if they didn't
have purity/convergence problems. I do see it has wrapping of a rubber-ferrite-permalloy
type material where the ring assembly would go. I assume that this is magnetized
selectively at the factory to adjust purity/convergence? The yoke has the
usual position and tilt adjustments. This one was an RCA/GE CRT.
Projection Set Convergence Adjustment Principles
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
1 (shift),
Adjusting convergence is a highly iterative (read: costly) process because
each potentiometer tends to influence the whole screen. Also, this method
is not easily extendible to higher order adjustments for more accuracy.
That's why better waveform generators have been designed, like digital
look-up tables with D/A converters (which are quite expensive) and spline-like
waveform generators (which are cheap and easy to adjust, the Philips design
is called Convergence Spline Processor, it's digital too).
x (amplitude),
x^2 (linearity),
y (rotation or tilt),
y^2 (bow),
x*y (keystone),
x^2*y (dunno if it's used).
x*y^2 (pin-cushion),
x^3 (side linearity).
x*y^4 (corner pin-cushion)
Monitor Tune-Up?
(The following from: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
CRT and CRT Related Maintenance and Repair
Preventive Maintenance - Care and Cleaning
Preventive maintenance for a TV or monitor is pretty simple - just keep
the case clean and free of obstructions. Clean the CRT screen with a soft
cloth just dampened with water and mild detergent or isopropyl alcohol.
This will avoid damage to normal as well as antireflection coated glass.
DO NOT use anything so wet that liquid may seep inside of the monitor around
the edge of the CRT. You could end up with a very expensive repair bill
when the liquid decides to short out the main circuit board lurking just
below. Then dry thoroughly. Use the CRT sprays sold in computer stores
if you like but again, make sure none can seep inside. If you have not
cleaned the screen for quite a while, you will be amazed at the amount
of black grime that collects due to the static buildup from the CRT high
voltage supply.
Shorts in a CRT
Occasionally, small conductive flakes or whiskers present since the day
of manufacture manage to make their way into a location where they short
out adjacent elements in the CRT electron guns. Symptoms may be intermittent
or only show up when the TV or monitor is cold or warm or in-between. Some
possible locations are listed below:
Replacing the CRT may be required but there are a variety of 'techniques'
that can often be used to salvage a TV that would otherwise end up in the
dump since replacing a CRT is rarely cost effective:
A combination of (2) and (3) may be required for intermittent shorts which
don't appear until under power. See the sections below for additional details.
However, for shorts involving the focus and high voltage elements, even
a sharp edge can result in arcing even if there is no actual short. There
is no remedy for these types of faults.
Providing Isolation for a CRT H-K Short
This procedure will substitute a winding of your own for the one that is
built in to the flyback to isolate the shorted filament from the ground
or voltage reference. Note that if you have a schematic and can determine
where to disconnect the ground or voltage reference connection to the filament
winding, try this instead.
Rescuing a Shorted CRT
If the short is filament-cathode (H-K), you don't want to use the following
approach since you may blow out the filament in the process. If this is
the case, you may be able to float the filament and live with the short
(see the document: Notes
on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Television Sets.
Determining if Your CRT is up to Air
"I have a Compuadd monitor that's completely blank.The high
voltage is very low and there's flashing inside the neck of the picture
tube. I believe there may be a small hairline crack in the neck of the
picture tube. I suspect that a crack has compromised the vacuum in the
tube and that's what is causing the flashing and the low voltage. Is that
possible, and if so, is there anything that can be done other than junking
it?"
If there is a crack, then everything else is possible. However, these rarely
develop on their own.
Scratches or Other Damage to the CRT Face
It is generally difficult to accidentally scratch the face of the screen
but accidents do happen. The way the manufacturer would repair it is to
replace the CRT. If the scratch is the result of shipping damage, file
a claim with the shipping company. If it is a factory defect, get it repaired
or replaced under warranty.
"I may have come across an easy fix for those who have scratched
glass on the monitor face. I am currently using window film as an adhering
material to cover and conceal the scratches. This looks much better and
enables me to continue usage of the monitor without the aggravating distortion."
CRT Degradation
CRT Aging - Effects on Electrical Characteristics
and Performance
(From: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
I hope that this helps you to distinguish between a really worn out tube
and one that still has some life in it after re-adjustment.
CRT Age Resulting in Dark Picture
Where circuit problems have been ruled out:
Then again, it may also be that for some mysterious reason your VG2 voltage
has dropped below spec. A too high VG2 voltage will cause a smaller cathode
area to be used, leading to a sharper picture but accelerated cathode wear.
Brightening an Old CRT
If performing adjustments of the internal background and/or screen controls
still results in a dark picture even after a long warmup period (and the
controls are having an effect - they are not faulty), the CRT may simply
be near the end of its useful life. In the old days of TVs with short lived
CRTs, the CRT brightener was a common item (sold in every corner drugstore,
it seemed!).
Checking the Age of the CRT
So you have this great deal on a used TV or monitor. How can you tell if
the picture tube is about to die on you?
Apart form that, if the overall picture is good the CRT is fine. CRTs usually
fail very slowly. Even if it's starting to show it's age it probably has
several years left.
CRT Rejuvenation
What is CRT Rejuvenation?
Where one or more electron guns in the CRT have deteriorated due to wear
and tear, it is sometimes possible to give them a new, but possibly, temporary
lease on life through rejuvenation using a special piece of CRT service
equipment.
CRT Degradation and Rejuvenation
"As I understand it, when a CRT ages, its filament looses material.
It ejects fewer electrons, and this accounts for the need to crank up the
cutoff. Is the focusing problem caused by the high cutoff voltage accelerating
the electrons too fast for the focusing assembly to work? And what would
explain the shadowing problem?"
Replies from: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com) and another
engineer at Philips who we shall call Tom.
1. Why is poor focus sometimes a symptom of a failing CRT?
Tom:
2. Why is horizontal streaking sometimes another symptom?
Jeroen:
3. And finally, what is the real story on CRT restorers/rejuvenators?
Jeroen:
Also see the sections starting with: "Brightening an old CRT".
Tom:
Tom:
Jeroen:
More Comments on CRT Rejuvenation
(From: Ren Tescher (ren@rap.ucar.edu).)
Home-Made CRT Rejuvenator 1
(From: Tony Duell (ard@p850ug1.demon.co.uk).)
Home-Made CRT Rejuvenator 2
I have no comments one way or another with respect to this device. Please
contact the author for further information.
T1
o---+--------+ +------------------------------->
| )||(
M | )||(
A | )||( 6.3 or 12 Vac To Filament
I | )||( Secondary CRT Tube
N | )||( (no Polarity)
S | )||(
| )||(
o---|-----+--+ +------------------------------->
| |
| ----------------------------------------> CRT Cathode
|
| +-----+ _|_
-------------------| LP1 |-----o o------------> CRT 1st Grid
+-----+ P1
Where:
Other things needed (not shown):
I think this circuit works better if the mains voltage is 220 Vac.
Cathode
| (B/W CRT tube)
V
O------+ | |
+ | | <- 1st Grid
Filament + | |
+ |**| <-Spark (read text below)
O------+ | |
| |
| |
Cathode O---------+ |
Connection |
|
1st Grid O------------+ (Damn'd ASCII graphics!)
Connection
Try to connect and turn on the transformer. The Filament in the CRT should
turn on in a not-so-bright red (if it is a colour tube, we have 3 filaments
on).
Home-Made CRT Rejuvenator 3
Here's another circuit found on the Web:
And, some comments:
Items of Interest
Lifespans of Monitors
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Monitor Life, Energy Conservation, and Laziness
A common misconception about the care and feeding of computer monitors
is that they should be left on all the time. While there are some advantages
to this, there are many more disadvantages:
The popular rationalization for what is most often just laziness is that
power-on is a stressful time for any electronic device and reducing the
number of power cycles will prolong the life of the monitor. With a properly
designed monitor, this is rarely an issue. Can you recall the last time
a monitor blew up when it was turned on? The other argument, which has
more basis in reality is that the thermal cycling resulting from turning
a monitor on and off will shorten its life. It is true that such thermal
stress can contribute to various kinds of failures due to bad solder connections.
However, these can be easily repaired and do not effect the monitor's heart
- the CRT. You wouldn't leave your TV on 24 hours a day, would you?
Thernal Cycling and Component Life
(From: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Expected Life of TV CRTs
(From: David (dakuhajda@aol.com).)
Why are Prices of Video Monitors So High Compared
to Similarly Size TVs?
How come I can buy a 32" Sony Trinitron TV set for $800, but when it comes
to buying a monitor for my PC, $1400 only gets me a no-name 20" tube?
Therefore, a auto-scan monitor needs more sophisticated deflection
and power supply circuitry. It must run at much higher scan rates and this
complicates the circuitry as well.
Problems with Designing a Combination TV and Computer
Monitor
(The following is from: Bob Myers (myers@fc.hp.com).)
Picture Tube Disassembly for Demonstration Purposes
Here are several questions from a budding exhibit constructor:
"1. I am interested in using a dead CRT for a display at our
science center on how things work and know about the safety issues. Also,
I would really like to cut one (or parts of one) open, so it would be great
to know what other things to worry about or what tools to use."
(Portions from: Jeroen H. Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
And one more question:
I like this method less, for fear of breaking too much glass.
Don't just chop off the neck - especially if you have not released
the vacuum. Aside from the danger of flying bits of glass, you get a very
characteristic dirty spot on the front of the screen, it looks as if the
phosphor layer has been blown away from the faceplate by the strong inrush
of air. Or maybe it was the shadow mask being blown against the faceplate.
Very tell-tale and spoils your nice display.
You want to separate it just behind the faceplate or else there
will not be enough space to grab and remove the shadow mask. That's just
clicked into place, very easy to unclick."2. I would assume the phosphors are a problem... Any things
I need to know about chemical hazards?"
Old tubes had environmentally unfriendly phosphors, containing heavy metals
such as cadmium and some rare earths. Nothing immediately toxic but the
long-term effects are not healthy either. Modern tubes should at least
have cadmium-free phosphor. But the phosphor is covered with a metal layer,
so normally it would not even be exposed. Just don't touch it.
"3. Or that we would need to bond a cover over the exposed
interior components both for safety and to keep them intact?"
Obviously, you will want to prevent the curious from being injured by sharp
metal parts but nothing will fall apart (assuming your original disassembly
was not overly violent). The internal magnetic screen is attached to the
shadow mask, which is clicked into metal parts at the face plate. The whole
assembly removes easily.
Turning a Large CRT Faceplate into the Side of a Fish
Tank
So, you want to turn your 1950's vintage console TV into the ultimate fish
tank experience.
Why do TVs Overscan?
(The following includes material from: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
What is Aquadag?
You may see the term 'Aquadag' referring the the black paint covering the
outside of most of the funnel section of the CRT.
Why are Indirectly Heated Cathodes Used in CRTs
Here are three reasons:
Frequency Response of CRTs
(From: Jeroen Stessen (Jeroen.Stessen@philips.com).)
CRT Service Information
How to Read CRT Part Numbers
More than you ever wanted to know (but still not that useful)!
Example: M / 36 / KME / 20 / XX
Part 1: Tube Type:
A or W = TV picture tube.
Part 2: Minimum viewable diagonal. Measurement is in cm. (1 inch
= 2.54 cm).
M = Monitor tubes (differ in the size and pitch of the phosphor dots).
P = Projection tube.
D = Electrostatic deflection.These letters are assigned alphabetically beginning with "AAA", followed
by "AAB", "AAC", etc.
Part 4: Member of Family - This one or two digit number specifies
a particular member within a family.
A different number is assigned to tubes within the same family that
have different neck diameters, for example. Single digit member #s = monochrome,
double digit members = Color tubes.
Part 5: Phosphor Type.
Typical Color CRT Pinout
It is usually possible - with a little effort - to determine the pinout
of a CRT from the markings and circuit configuration on the CRT neck board
and by visually following the base lead wires inside the neck of the tube.
Pin 1: Focus
Here is another without sparkgaps in the socket:
Pin 2: NC
Pin 3: NC
Pin 4: NC
Pin 5: G1
Pin 6: Green Cathode
Pin 7: G2
Pin 8: Red Cathode
Pin 9: Filament
Pin 10: Filament
Pin 11: Blue Cathode
Pin 12: Sparkgap GroundPin 1: Focus
(There may actually be no pins present for those marked "NC" as well as
a gap between the highest numbered pin and pin 1.)
Pin 2: NC
Pin 3: Blue Cathode
Pin 4: Filament
Pin 5: Filament
Pin 6: G1
Pin 7: Red Cahtode
Pin 8: G2
Pin 9: Green Cathode
CRT Substitution
"I have an RCA TV model # f20700dg that has a bad crt #A51ABU14X
what I would like to know is can I replace it with a #A51AGC14X."
(From: Tech 7 (gscivi@aol.com).)
CRT Replacement Worth It?
The sad fact is that even if you can obtain a new CRT you won't have the
proper set up for getting proper alignment and convergence. They generally
use various permanent magnet glued to the perimeter of the yoke to set
the geometry of the raster. It takes a special factory jig to do this step
or really great persistence and patience. However, if you have the time
and will resist punching a hole in the new CRT before you finish, by all
means.
Rebuilt CRTs
(From: B. K. Richardson (rchvid7@flash.net).)
Suppliers of standard & high resolution color and monochrome picture
tubes.
724 Scott Avenue, Des Moines, IA. 50309-5052
Phone: 515-288-8567
Fax: 515-288-8568
What Does It Take to be a Picture Tube Rebuilder,
Really?
(From: Charles Godard (cgodard@iamerica.net).)
Shipping Damage: Why Monitors are Like Basketballs
(From: Stephen Swann (swann@panix.com).)
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